Izikopelo zezinqolo zivame ukugcwala kusuka ezintweni eziphakeme ezihlukile - ezikhethiwe, ezikhethiwe ngokuya ngezidingo ezithile zezicelo ezahlukahlukene eziphathelene namandla, ukuqina nokuqina kokugqwala. I-carbon yensimbi imele njengenye yezinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi emabangeni anjenge-4.8, 8.8, kanye ne-10,9.
p>Izikopelo zezinqolo zivame ukugcwala kusuka ezintweni eziphakeme ezihlukile - ezikhethiwe, ezikhethiwe ngokuya ngezidingo ezithile zezicelo ezahlukahlukene eziphathelene namandla, ukuqina nokuqina kokugqwala. I-carbon yensimbi imele njengenye yezinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi emabangeni anjenge-4.8, 8.8, kanye ne-10,9. I-Low - Ibanga 4.8 I-Carbon Steel lihlinzeka ngamandla ayisisekelo, okwenza lifanelekile ngokujwayelekile - Injongo Yokuqinisa Inhloso Lapho Izidingo Zokulayisha Zingahlangene Kakhulu. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ephakeme - ama-Carbon steel afana ne-8.8 no-10.9 angabhekana nokwelashwa okushisa ukuze athuthukise amandla awo ashukumisayo, ubulukhuni, kanye nobunzima. Lesi sithuthukisi sibenza bakwazi ukukhuthazelela imithwalo esindayo kanye nokuxineka okwengeziwe kwemishini, ukuzinikeza kahle amaphrojekthi wezimboni nezokwakha afuna ukuqina okuqinile. Ukuvikela izikopelo zensimbi yensimbi ye-carbon kusuka ekugcekeni, izindlela zokwelapha ezivamile zifaka phakathi i-zinc plating, i-black oxide coating, futhi kushisa - chliza galvaning.
Insimbi engenacala kungenye into ebalulekile, enamabanga 304 no-316 kusetshenziswa kabanzi. I-304 insimbi engenasici inikeza okunelisayo okujwayelekile - ukumelana ngenhloso - ukumelana nokuphikiswa, okwenza kube lula izicelo zasendlini kanye nezimo eziningi zangaphandle ngokuvezwa kwemvelo okulinganiselayo. Insimbi engama-316 engenasici, ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwayo okuphezulu kwe-molybdenum, ihlinzeka ngokumelana okuphezulu kwamakhemikhali anokhahlo, amanzi anosawoti kanye nezimo ezedlulele. Ngenxa yalokhu, kuyinto ebonakalayo yokukhetha izimboni ezinjengezimboni ezinjenge-Marine, amakhemikhali, nokudla - ukucubungula, kanye namaphrojekthi angaphandle ezindaweni ezisogwini noma ezindaweni eziphakemeyo.
Kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezikhethekile lapho kuphezulu - ukusebenza kubalulekile, i-alloy lensimbi iyaqala ukudlala. Insimbi ye-Alloy, equkethe izinto ezifana ne-chromium, i-molybdenum, i-vagadium, ne-nickel, ingaba ukushisa - iphathwe ukuze ifinyelele izakhiwo ezikhethekile zemishini. Izikopelo zentambo ezenziwe ngensimbi ye-alloy zivame ukuqashwa ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu - ezifana nezinjini zezimoto, izingxenye ze-aerospace, kanye nemishini yokuphikiswa, lapho ukumelana nokugqwayiza kungabalulekanga kakhulu.
Uhla lwemikhiqizo yezikopelo ze-Thind luhlanganisa amamodeli ahlukahlukene, ahlukaniswe ngosayizi, ubude, uhlobo lwentambo, ibanga lezinto ezibonakalayo, nezici zokuklama:
Izikopelo zentambo ezijwayelekile: Izikopelo ezijwayelekile zitholakala ngosayizi obanzi we-metric no-Imperial. Amasayizi weMetric ngokuvamile asuka ku-M36 kuya ku-M36, kanti amasayizi wombuso ahlangana ukusuka ku- # 4/1
Izikopelo eziphakeme: Izobunjiniyela Izicelo Ezisindayo - Izicelo Zokusebenza, Ama-High - Amandla Ama-Studys akhiqizwa kusuka phezulu - izinto zebanga, imvamisa insimbi ye-alloy noma ephezulu - i-top - i-coarbon steel enamamaki afana ne-12.9. Lezi zikopelo zenzelwe amadayimane amakhulu kanye nobude obude ukuphatha amabutho amancane ashubile. Zibaluleke kakhulu ezilungiselelweni zezimboni zokuthola imishini esindayo, ezinkulu - izilinganiso zezakhiwo, kanye nemishini esebenza ngaphansi kwemithwalo ephezulu nokudlidliza. Izikopelo eziphakeme - Amandla ezikopela nazo zingafaka nemiklamo emibhalweni ekhethekile noma izici ezengeziwe zokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwazo nokulayisha - umthamo wokuthwala.
I-Special - Izikopelo zentambo:
I-Fine - Thread Studs: Ifaka i-pitch encane yentambo uma iqhathaniswa nezikopelo ezijwayelekile, izikopelo ezinhle - izikopelo zentambo zinikeza ukulungiswa kokulungiswa okuthuthukile kanye nokumelana okuphezulu ekukhuleni. Zivame ukusetshenziswa kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezifuna kahle - ukuhleleka okuhle, njengokusebenza kwemishini, imishini yokubona, kanye nokuphakama - umhlangano we-elekthronikhi. I-FineE - I-Thread Design ivumela ukuma okunembile ngokwengeziwe kanye nokuxhumana okuphephe kakhudlwana kulezi zicelo ezibucayi.
Izikopelo zentambo eziyimpumputhe: Lezi zikopelo zenzelwe ngokukhethekile ukusetshenziswa kwezimbobo eziyimpumputhe, lapho ukufinyelela kungenzeka kuphela kusuka ohlangothini olulodwa. Izikopelo zentambo eziyimpumputhe zivame ukuba nengxenye ethosiwe eceleni kokufaka emgodini oyimpumputhe kanye nokucushwa okuhlukile, okufana ne-shank ebushelelezi noma ikhanda, ngakolunye uhlangothi lokunamathisela izingxenye. Kusetshenziswa kabanzi ekukhiqizeni ifenisha, umhlangano wezimoto, kanye nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza lapho kunesibopho esihlanzekile nesivikelekile kusuka ohlangothini olulodwa kuyadingeka.
Anti - Izikopelo zokudlidliza: Ezenzelwe ukumelana nokukhulula ukukhulula okubangelwa ukudlidliza, ama-anti - Ama-Vibration Threate Stud afaka izici ezikhethekile. Abanye bangase babe ne-Self - Ukukhiya Intambo Design, kanti abanye bangase basebenzise izinto ezengeziwe zokukhiya noma ukugqoka. Lezi zikopelo zibalulekile kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezinjengezinjini zezimoto, imishini yezimboni enezinto eziphakeme kakhulu - izingxenye zokuhamba, nokusebenza kwezinto zokuhamba, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuqinisa kuhlala kuvikelekile ngisho nangaphansi kokudlidliza okuqhubekayo.
Ukukhiqizwa kwezikopelo zentambo kubandakanya izinyathelo eziqondile eziningi kanye nekhwalithi eqinile - izindlela zokulawula ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka nokusebenza kwabo:
Ukulungiselela ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo: Okuphezulu - Izinto zokusetshenziswa kwekhwalithi, njengemigoqo yensimbi noma izinduku, zitholwa ngokucophelela. Ukuhlolwa okuqinile kwenziwa ukuqinisekisa ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali, izakhiwo zemishini, kanye nekhwalithi ephezulu yezinto zokwakha, ukuqinisekisa ukuhambisana namazinga okukhiqiza. Kamuva, izinto zensimbi zisikwa zibe ubude obufanele ngokuya ngezidingo ezithile zosayizi we-studs.
Umcutho: Ukuhlwitha kuyinqubo ebucayi ekwenziweni kwezikopelo zentambo. Ukufakelwa okukhethekile okufayo noma imishini yokugoqa kuqashwa ukudala imicu kwizikopelo. I-Thread Rolling yindlela ekhethwayo njengoba ikhiqiza intambo enamandla ngokubanda - Ukusebenza ngensimbi, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukise ukumelana nokukhathala kwezikopelo. Inqubo ye-Threating ifuna ukulawulwa ngokucophelela ukuqinisekisa i-pitch yentambo efanelekile, iphrofayili yentambo efanelekile, kanye nokuhambisana namantongomane ahambelana noma izimbobo ezithinta. Ngezikopelo ezinezidingo ezithile zentambo, ezifana nezinkulu - imicu noma amafomu wentambo okhethekile, ukucaciswa okwengeziwe kwemishini emishini kungadingeka.
Ukwelashwa kokushisa (kwezinto eziphakeme - zokwakha amandla): Izikopelo ezenziwe kusukela ezintweni eziphakemeyo ezinjenge-alloy insimbi noma ephezulu - I-Carbon Carbon ivame ukwenziwa ukushisa - izinqubo zokwelashwa, kufaka phakathi ukunqwabelana, nokugunda nokugunda. Lezi zinqubo zokwenza ngcono izakhiwo zemishini zama-stud, zandisa amandla azo, ubunzima, kanye nobunzima bokuhlangabezana nezidingo eziqinile zezinhlelo ezithile.
Phupha ukwelashwa: Kuya ngohlelo lokusebenza kanye nokwakhiwa kwe-Throad Stud, iziphetho zingathola ukwelashwa okwengeziwe. Isibonelo, iziphetho zingavinjelwa ukwenza lula ukufakwa okulula kumantongomane noma izimbobo ezithinta, kunciphisa ubungozi bomonakalo kanye nokwenza ngcono inqubo yokufaka. Kwezinye izimo, iziphetho zingashintshwa noma zibunjwe ukuze zikwazi ukuhlalisa izindlela ezithile zokuqinisa noma ukuhlinzeka ngesibonisi esingcono ngezakhi ezinamathiselwe.
Ukwelashwa okungaphezulu: Ukuthuthukisa ukumelana nokugqwala, ukuthuthukisa ukubukeka, futhi wengeze izakhiwo ezisebenzayo, izikopelo zensimbi zensimbi zingahle zibheke ngaphezulu - izinqubo zokwelashwa. I-zinc planiates ifaka ungqimba oluncanyana lwe-zinc endaweni ye-stud, enikeza ukuvikela okuyisisekelo kokugqwala nokubukeka okukhanyayo, kwensimbi. I-Hot - DIP Galvanizing ihlinzeka nge-zinc coating emikhulu futhi ehlala isikhathi eside, okwenza izikopelo zilungele ukusetshenziswa kwethemu zangaphandle nezindawo ezinokhahlo. I-Black Oxide Coating yakha inqwaba, emnyama, yokugqwala - ungqimba olungamelana nakho ngokusabela kwamakhemikhali, okunikeza izikopelo ukuqedwa okukhangayo matte ngenkathi nokuhlinzeka ngezinga elithile lokuvikelwa kokugqwala. Izikopelo zensimbi engenasici zingabhekana nokwelashwa kwephambusi ukuthuthukisa ukumelana nakho kokugqwala okungokwemvelo.
Ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi: Wonke ama-batch ama-batch izikopelo aphansi kokuhlolwa okunzima. Amasheke okubumbana enza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ububanzi be-Stud, ubude, ukucaciswa kwentambo, nokuphakela ukwelashwa kuhlangabezana namazinga asunguliwe. Ukuhlolwa okwenziwe ngomshini, kufaka phakathi amandla ashubile, ubunzima, kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-torque, kwenziwa ukuqinisekisa umthwalo - ukuthathwa kwamandla nokuqina kwezikopelo. Ukuhlolwa okubukwayo nakho kwenziwa ukuthola noma yiziphi izici zendawo, imifantu, noma ukwakheka okungafanele kwentambo. Izikopelo kuphela ezidlula konke ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi evunyelwe ukufakwa nokusatshalaliswa.
Ukwelashwa komhlaba izikopelo zentambo kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kwazo futhi kunwebe impilo yabo yenkonzo:
I-zinc plating: I-Zinc Plating ingukwelashwa komhlaba okutholwe kabanzi kwezifuzo ze-carbon yensimbi ye-carbon. Kubandakanya ukulinganisa ungqimba omncane we-zinc ungene endaweni ye-stud. Le nhlangano ye-Zinc isebenza njengesithiyo somhlatshelo, ukuqina okucatshangelwa ngokuqinisekile ukuvikela insimbi engaphansi. I-Zinc Platiation ihlinzeka ngokuvikelwa okuyisisekelo kokugqwala futhi ilungele i-Indoor futhi incane - izinhlelo zokusebenza zangaphandle ezilimazayo. Iphinde inikeze izikopelo ukubukeka okucwebezelayo, kwensimbi, okungathandeka ngobuhle kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile.
Kuyashisa - cwilisa i-galvaning: Enqubweni eshisayo - i-DIP Galvanizing inqubo, izikopelo kuqala ukuncipha futhi zakha amanzi ukuze asuse okungonakalisweni komhlaba. Ngemuva kwalokho, zigcwele futhi zigxila e-zinc zigeza cishe ngo-450 - 460 ° C. I-zinc iphendula ngensimbi ngensimbi ukuze kwakhiwe uchungechunge lwe-zinc - I-Iron Alloy, kulandelwa ungqimba oluhlanzekile lwe-zinc outter ungqimba. I-coating ephumayo futhi ehlala isikhathi eside ye-galvanized inikeza ukumelana kahle kokugqwala, okwenza izikopelo zilungele ukuvezwa isikhathi eside - ukuvezwa kwezindawo ezingaphandle nangaphansi, njengezindawo zezimboni, nezindawo ezisogwini kanye nezindawo ezinomswakama ophezulu.
I-Oxide Coating Coation: I-Oxide Coating Coating iyinqubo yamakhemikhali eyakha umncane, omnyama, ukugqwala - ungqimba olungamelana nalo ngaphezulu kwezifuzo zensimbi ye-carbon yensimbi. Le nhlanganisela ayigcini nje ngokuhlinzeka ngezinga elithile lokuvikelwa kokugqwala kodwa futhi lidlulisela umfaniswano, ukubukeka okumnyama kuma-studs, okuvame ukuthandwa kuzinhlelo zokusebenza lapho kuvela khona izicelo zokulwa nobukhosi kanye nokuqina. Kodwa-ke, ungqimba olumnyama lwe-oxide luncane, kanye nezinye izihloko eziphakeme, ezinjengamafutha noma i-wax, zingase zisetshenziswe ukuze zithuthukise ukuvikeleka kokugqwala ezindaweni ezinzima kakhulu.
Ukuphumelela kwensimbi engenasici: Ngezikopelo zensimbi engagqwali, ukwelashwa kwephambuko kwenziwa. Le nqubo ifaka ukufaka izinyembezi kwikhambi le-acid ukususa okungcola komhlaba, izinhlayiya zensimbi, kanye nokuthuthukisa isendlalelo semvelo se-oxide soxide ku-stainle - ingaphezulu yensimbi. Ukuqhakambisa kuthuthukisa ukumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi engagqwali, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho ama-chloride ion noma ezinye izinto ezilonakalisayo zingaba khona, ziqinisekisa ukwethembeka kwesikhathi eside nokusebenza kwezikopelo.
Izigqoko ezikhethekile: Kwezimo ezithile, izikopelo zezinhlamvu zingathola izimbambo ezikhethekile. I-Teflon Coatings ingafakwa ukunciphisa ukungqubuzana ngesikhathi sokufakwa nokusebenzisa, okwenza kube lula ukuqinisa nokukhulula amantongomane ezifundweni. Lokhu kuyazuzisa kakhulu kuzinhlelo zokusebenza lapho kudingeka khona umhlangano ovamisile futhi kudayisiwe. I-Anti - I-Hoize Coating ivimbela izikopelo ukuthi zingangeni ngenxa ye-oxidation noma ngaphezulu - okuvezwa kokushisa, okubaluleke kakhulu kuzicelo lapho ama-studs azodinga ukususwa futhi alungiswe ukulungiswa kwemishini yezimboni. I-ANTI - I-Abrasion Coatings nayo ingasetshenziswa ukuvikela indawo ye-Stud kusuka ekuqhekekeni nasekugqokeni, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu - eziphakeme.
Izikopelo zentambo zithola ukusetshenziswa okubanzi kwezimboni eziningi kanye nezicelo:
Imishini nokukhiqiza imishiniEmkhakheni wezokwakha imishini, ama-tup izikopelo abalulekile ekuqopheni izakhi ezahlukahlukene. Bajwayele ukusetshenziselwa ukuvikela izingxenye zenjini, ama-gearges, nezinye izingxenye ezisindayo - zomsebenzi. Amandla we-Thinta izikopelo ukuhlinzeka ngokubopha okuphephile nokunokwethenjelwa, noma ngaphansi kwemithwalo ephezulu kanye nokudlidliza, kubenza babaluleke kakhulu kulo mkhakha. Noma ngabe kukwakhiwa kwemishini emikhulu yezezimboni noma ukukhiqizwa kwamadivayisi amancane ezenziwe ngemishini, izikopelo zentambo ziqinisekisa ukuqondanisa okufanele nokuxhumana okuphephile kwezingxenye.
Ukwakhiwa nobunjiniyela besakhiwo: Ebunjiniyela bezokwakha nobunjiniyela, izikopelo ze-Tound ziqashwa ngokuxhuma izinto zesakhiwo, ezifana nemishayo yensimbi, amakholomu, kanye nezinto ze-ccreste trast. Banikela ngokuxhumeka okuqinile futhi okuhlala isikhathi eside, ababambe iqhaza ekuqineni okuphelele kanye nobuqotho bezakhiwo namabhuloho. Izikopelo eziphakeme eziphakeme kakhulu zivame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezibucayi zokwakheka ukuze zikwazi ukubekezelela imithwalo ebalulekile nezingcindezi ezinolwazi kulezi zinhlaka.
Izimboni zezimoto nezezithuthi ze-AerospaceEmbonini yezimoto, izikopelo zezinhlamvu zisetshenziswa emhlanganweni wenjini, ukwakhiwa kwe-chassis, kanye nezinhlelo zokumiswa. Bangakwazi ukukhuthazelela ukunyakaza kanye nokucindezelwa kwemishini okwenziwe ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwezimoto. Emkhakheni we-aerospace, lapho ikhwalithi eqinile nekhwalithi yokusebenza ibaluleke kakhulu, izikopelo zezinhlamvu zisetshenziselwa ukuqoqa izinto zendiza. Ukukhiqiza okuqondile kanye nokuphakama kwezakhiwo eziphakemeyo kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuphepha nokusebenza kwezindiza, njengoba ukwehluleka okuncane kakhulu ekuqothulweni kungaba nemiphumela emibi.
Ama-elekthronikhi kanye nemishini kagesi: Kuma-elekthronikhi kanye nezimboni zikagesi, izikopelo zentambo, ikakhulukazi ama-Study - ama-Throad Studs, asetshenziselwa ukuthola amabhodi wesifunda, ukufakwa ngogesi nezinye izinto. I-FineE - I-Thread Design ivumela ukuqina okunembile ngaphandle kokubangela ukulimala kwezinto ezintekenteke nge-elekthronikhi. Baphinde basize ekugcineni ukufakwa kukagesi kanye nokuqondanisa kahle kwezakhi, kuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuthembekile kwezinhlelo zikagesi kanye ne-elekthronikhi.
Ifenisha nokusebenza ngokhuni: Efenisha yefenisha kanye nokusebenza ngokhuni, izikopelo zezinkuni, ikakhulukazi izikopelo eziyimpumputhe, zivame ukusetshenziswa. Izikopelo zentambo eziyimpumputhe zinika amandla okuvikelwa okuvikelekile kusuka ohlangothini olulodwa, okulungele ukudala ukuxhumana okucashile ezicubeni zefenisha, kunikeze ukubukeka okuhlanzekile nokubukeka okuhle. Zisetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa amafreyimu wokhuni, zinamathisele imilenze yetafula, futhi zijoyine ezinye izinto zefenisha, ukuqinisekisa ukuqina nokuqina kwemikhiqizo eqediwe.
Ukuqiniseka okuphephile nokuthembekile: Izikopelo zentambo zinikeza ikhambi elivikelekile nelithembekile lokuqinisa. Ngokusebenzisa amantongomane noma izindlu ezihlanganisiwe, zingasabalalisa imithwalo ngokulinganayo futhi zimelane nokukhululwa ngaphansi kwezingcindezi ezahlukahlukene zemishini, kufaka phakathi ukudlidliza, ukungezwani kanye namabutho ama-shear. Lokhu kubenza balungele i-spectrum ebanzi yezicelo, kusuka ekukhanyeni - umsebenzi wokukhanyisa - umsebenzi we-duty, uqinisekise ukuqina kwezakhiwo noma izakhi ezihlangene.
Ububanzi: Ngosayizi ohlukahlukene wosayizi, izinto zokwakha, izinhlobo zentambo, kanye nemiklamo etholakalayo, ama-stud tured atholakala kalula ukuze ahlangabezana nezidingo zohlelo lokusebenza ezahlukahlukene. Noma ngabe kuyinto enembile - umsebenzi ogxile embonini yezogesi noma iphrojekthi yokwakha esindayo, kukhona imodeli efanelekile ye-Thread Stud Stud. Okukhethekile - izikopelo zesici, njengezinhle - intambo, izimpumputhe, izinhlobo ze-anti - ukunwebisa, ukunweba kabusha izixazululo zohlelo zazo, okuvumela izixazululo ezifanelekile ezindaweni ezikhethekile.
Ukufakwa kalula nokususwa: Izikopelo zentambo ziqonde ngqo ukufaka nokususa. Uma ifakwe emgodini othosiwe noma isakhi sokushada, amantongomane noma amanye ama-fasteners ahlanganisiwe angaqiniswa kalula noma akhululwe kusetshenziswa amathuluzi ajwayelekile, anjengemithelo noma izisekelo. Lokhu kulula ekufakweni nasekususweni kusiza izinqubo zomhlangano kanye nokulungiswa, ukunciphisa isikhathi sokuphumula nezindleko zabasebenzi ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene.
Kuqiza kahle: Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zama-fasteners, izikopelo zentambo zinganikeza izindleko - ikhambi elisebenzayo, ikakhulukazi izinhlelo ezidinga ukuphakama - amandla nokubopha okuthembekile. Ukukhiqizwa kwabo okujwayelekile nokutholakala kwabo okugcwele kufaka isandla emalini yokonga, futhi impilo yabo yesevisi ende inciphisa imvamisa yokubuyiselwa esikhundleni, ekugcineni kwehlisa izindleko zokuthola ubunikazi bamaphrojekthi abazisebenzisa.
Umthwalo Ophezulu - Ukuthwala Amandla: Kuya ngentokozo nokuklanywa, izikopelo ze-Tound zingaba nomthwalo omkhulu - umthamo wokuthwala. Ama-Stud aphezulu - Amandla Amandla enziwe ngensimbi yensimbi noma ephakeme - Insimbi ye-Carbon ayakwazi ukubekezelela amabutho aphambili ashubile futhi asenze ukuba alungele izicelo ezinamandla - amaphrojekthi asemsebenzini lapho ukubopha khona i-robust kubalulekile ukusekela imithwalo emikhulu nokumelana nodolo.
Ukumelana nokugqwala: Ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo njengensimbi engenasici kanye nomhlaba ohlukahlukene - Izinketho zokwelashwa, izikopelo zentambo zinikeza okuhle kokuphikiswa kokugqwala okuhle. Lokhu kubenza balungele ukusetshenziswa endaweni yangaphandle, yasolwandle, nasezindaweni ezizungezile zezimboni, lapho ukuvezwa umswakama, usawoti, namakhemikhali kuvamile. Ukumelana nokugqwala okuthuthukisiwe kunwebeka impilo yenkonzo yama-studs, kunciphisa izidingo zokulungiswa, futhi kuqinisekise ukuthembeka okuqhubekayo kwezinto eziboshwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.