
Amabhawodi wamehlo aphakamisayo aklanywe ngokuyinhloko kusukela ezintweni ezinamandla kakhulu ukuze kuqinisekiswe umthamo othembekile wokuthwala umthwalo nokuphepha ngesikhathi sokuphakanyiswa. Insimbi ye-alloy yinto evame ukusetshenziswa, ikakhulukazi amamaki afana ne-42CrMo ne-35CrMo.
Amabhawodi wamehlo aphakamisayo aklanywe ngokuyinhloko kusukela ezintweni ezinamandla kakhulu ukuze kuqinisekiswe umthamo othembekile wokuthwala umthwalo nokuphepha ngesikhathi sokuphakanyiswa. Insimbi ye-alloy iyinto evame ukusetshenziswa, ikakhulukazi amabanga afana ne-42CrMo ne-35CrMo. Lezi zinsimbi ze-alloy ziqukethe izakhi ezifana ne-chromium, i-molybdenum, ne-manganese, okuthi, ngezinqubo ezinembile zokwelashwa kokushisa, zingathuthukisa kakhulu izici zokuwalungisa zebhawodi. Amabhawodi wamehlo ensimbi aphethwe ukushisa abonisa amandla aphezulu okunyakazisa, ukuqina okuhle kakhulu, nokumelana nokukhathala okuphakeme, okubenza bakwazi ukumelana nemithwalo esindayo kanye nemijikelezo yokucindezeleka ephindaphindiwe ngaphandle kokwehluleka.
Kuzinhlelo zokusebenza lapho ukumelana nokugqwala kubaluleke kakhulu, insimbi engagqwali iyinto ekhethwayo. Insimbi engagqwali amabanga 304 kanye 316 asetshenziswa kabanzi. Insimbi engagqwali engu-304 inikezela ngokuvikela ukugqwala okuhle kwenhloso evamile, iyenze ifanelekele izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi zokuphakamisa zasendlini neziningi zangaphandle ezinokuchayeka kwemvelo okulingene. I-316 insimbi engagqwali, enokuqukethwe kwayo okuphezulu kwe-molybdenum, inikeza ukumelana okuthuthukisiwe kumakhemikhali anonya, amanzi anosawoti, nezimo ezimbi kakhulu, okuyenza ibe ilungele izimboni zasolwandle, zamakhemikhali, nezingasogwini lapho amabhawodi engase achayeke ezinto ezonakalisayo.
Kwezinye izimo ezikhethekile, i-high-power carbon steel ingasetshenziswa, ngokuvamile kumabanga afana no-8.8, 10.9, no-12.9. Nakuba i-carbon steel inokumelana nokugqwala okuphansi uma kuqhathaniswa nensimbi engagqwali ne-alloy steel, ingahlangabezana nezimfuneko zamandla zemisebenzi ethile yokuphakamisa uma ihlanganiswe nokwelashwa kwendawo efanele.
Umugqa womkhiqizo wokuphakamisa amabhawodi wamehlo uhlanganisa amamodeli ahlukene ahlukaniswe ngosayizi, umthamo womthwalo, uhlobo lomklamo, kanye nebanga lezinto ezibonakalayo:
Amabhawodi Amehlo Okuphakamisa Ajwayelekile: Lezi yizinhlobo ezivame kakhulu, ezitholakala ngebanga elibanzi losayizi. Osayizi bemethrikhi ngokuvamile basuka ku-M8 baye ku-M48, kuyilapho osayizi bombuso bemboza ukusuka ku-5/16" ukuya ku-2". Amabhawodi wamehlo ajwayelekile anomklamo oyisisekelo oneso eliyindilinga komunye umkhawulo kanye ne-shank enentambo ngakolunye. Alinganiselwe amandla omthwalo ahlukene, ngokuvamile asukela kumakhulu ambalwa amakhilogremu kuya kumathani amaningana, kuye ngosayizi kanye nebanga lempahla. Amabhawodi wamehlo ajwayelekile afanele izicelo zokuphakamisa okuvamile emisebenzini yokwakha, ukukhiqiza, kanye nokulungiswa lapho izidingo zomthwalo zingaphakathi komthamo wazo oshiwo.
Amabhawodi Amehlo Aphakamisa Isisindo Esisindayo: Eyakhelwe imisebenzi yokuphakamisa esindayo ngokwedlulele, amabhawodi wamehlo anesisindo esikhulu enziwe ngobubanzi obukhudlwana namashanki aminyene. Aklanywe ngensimbi ye-alloy yezinga eliphezulu noma insimbi engagqwali ye-premium, angakwazi ukuthwala imithwalo ephakeme kakhulu, ngokuvamile edlula amathani ayi-10 noma ngaphezulu. Lawa mabhawodi abalulekile ezimeni zezimboni ezifana nezindawo zemikhumbi, ukukhiqizwa kwemishini esindayo, kanye namaphrojekthi amakhulu wokwakha lapho kudingeka khona ukuphakanyiswa kwezingxenye ezinkulu. Amabhawodi wamehlo asindayo ngokuvamile afaka idizayini yamehlo eqine kakhudlwana ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukunamathiselwa okuvikelekile kokuphakamisa izihlilingi namaketango.
Amabhawodi Amehlo Aphakamisa Isici Esikhethekile:
I-Swivel Lifting Eye Bolts: Lawa mabhawodi aklanywe ngendlela ejikajikayo esweni, evumela okokusebenza kokuphakamisa okunamathiselwe ukuthi kujikeleze ngokukhululeka. Lesi sici sibalulekile ezinhlelweni zokusebenza lapho umthwalo udinga ukuqondiswa ngezindlela eziningi, ukwehlisa ubungozi bokusonteka nokubopha izihlilingi eziphakamisayo. Amabhawodi wamehlo ajikajikayo ajwayele ukusetshenziswa ekusebenzeni kwe-crane, ukubopha, kanye nokufakwa kwemishini emikhulu ezungezayo.
I-Adjustable Lifting Eye Bolts: Amabhawodi wamehlo alungisekayo anomshini ovumela ubude beso noma indawo yephoyinti yokunamathisela ukuthi ilungiswe. Lokhu kunikeza ukuguquguquka ezimweni ezihlukile zokuphakamisa, ikakhulukazi uma ubude noma indawo yokunamathiselwe idinga ukushintshwa ukuze kuhambisane namajiyometri omthwalo ahlukahlukene. Ziwusizo emsebenzini wokwakha, wokunakekela, nowokulungisa lapho ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kuyisihluthulelo.
Amabhawodi Amehlo Okuphakamisa Angafakiwe: Ezindaweni zikagesi noma ezine-voltage ephezulu, ama-eye bolts afakiwe asetshenziswa. Lawa mabhawodi aboshwe noma akhiwe ngezinto zokuvikela ukuvikela ukuqhutshwa kukagesi, ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kokusebenza kokuphakamisa kanye nabasebenzi abahilelekile. Amabhawodi wamehlo angavamisile abalulekile ekuphakamiseni izinto zikagesi, ukusebenza eduze kwezintambo zikagesi, noma kunoma yisiphi isimo lapho kukhona khona izingozi zikagesi.
Ukukhiqizwa kokuphakamisa amabhawodi wamehlo kubandakanya izinyathelo ezinembayo eziningi kanye nezinyathelo eziqinile zokulawula ikhwalithi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha nokwethembeka kwazo:
Ukulungiselela Material: Izinto zokusetshenziswa zekhwalithi ephezulu, njengezinsimbi zensimbi noma izinduku, zitholakala ngokucophelela. Izinto ezisetshenziswayo zihlolelwa ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali, izakhiwo zemishini, kanye nekhwalithi yangaphezulu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthobelana namazinga omhlaba nawemboni. Izinto zensimbi zibe sezisikwa zibe ubude obufanele ngokuya ngokucaciswa kosayizi webhawodi.
Ukubumba: Amabhawodi wamehlo ensimbi ajwayele ukwakhiwa ngezinqubo zokushisisa noma zokubanda. I-Hot-forging ivamise ukusetshenziselwa amabhawodi amakhulu nasindayo. Kule nqubo, insimbi iyashiswa ibe yisimo esithambile bese ibunjwa ngokusebenzisa i-dies ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu ukuze yakhe iso kanye ne-shank. Isihloko esibandayo sisetshenziswa kumabhawodi anosayizi omncane, lapho insimbi ibunjwa ibe yifomu elifunekayo ngaphandle kokushisisa, okusebenza kahle kakhulu ekukhiqizeni ivolumu ephezulu futhi ingagcina ukunemba okuhle kobukhulu.
Uchungechunge: Ngemva kokwakhiwa, amabhawodi enza imisebenzi yokuthungatha. Ukugoqa intambo kuyindlela ekhethwayo njengoba kwakha intambo enamandla ngokusebenza okubandayo kwensimbi, ukuthuthukisa ukumelana nokukhathala kwebhawodi. Ama-specialized threading dies asetshenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukunemba kwephimbo lentambo, iphrofayili yochungechunge, nokuhambisana namantongomane ahambisanayo noma izimbobo ezinentambo. Kumabhawudi anezidingo ezithile zomucu, ukunemba okwengeziwe kungenziwa.
Ukwelashwa Kokushisa (kwamabhawodi ensimbi ye-alloy): Amabhawodi wamehlo ensimbi ye-alloy angase abhekane nezinqubo zokwelapha ukushisa okuhlanganisa ukucwiliswa, ukucisha, kanye nokushisa. I-Annealing ikhulula izingcindezi zangaphakathi ensimbi, ukucisha kukhulisa ubulukhuni bayo, futhi ukufudumala kubuyisela i-ductility ngenkathi kuthuthukisa ukuqina. Lezi zinqubo zithuthukisa izici zokusebenza zamabhawodi, ziwavumela ukuthi ahlangabezane nezidingo zamandla aphezulu nokusebenza okuphezulu kokuphakamisa izinhlelo zokusebenza.
Ukwelashwa Okungaphezulu: Ukuthuthukisa ukumelana nokugqwala, ukubukeka, kanye nezakhiwo zokusebenza, amabhawodi wamehlo ensimbi angase abhekane nezinqubo ezihlukahlukene zokwelapha ngaphandle. I-Zinc Plating yindlela yokwelapha evamile efaka ungqimba lwezinc endaweni yebhawodi, ehlinzeka ngokuvikeleka kokugqwala okuyisisekelo. I-hot-dip galvanizing inikeza i-zinc coating eqinile futhi ehlala isikhathi eside, elungele izinhlelo zokusebenza zemvelo zangaphandle neziqinile. Amabhawodi wamehlo ensimbi engagqwali angase enziwe ukwelashwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukumelana kwawo nokugqwala kwemvelo. Kwezinye izimo, ama-coatings akhethekile afana ne-Teflon noma ama-anti-abrasion coatings angasetshenziswa ukuze kuncishiswe ukungqubuzana noma ukuvikela ukuguga ngesikhathi sokuphakanyiswa.
Ukuhlolwa Kwekhwalithi: Yonke inqwaba yamabhawodi wamehlo aphakamisayo ihlolwa ngokuqinile. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Dimensional kwenziwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ububanzi bebhawodi, ubude, ukucaciswa kochungechunge, nosayizi weso kuhlangabezana nezindinganiso. Ukuhlolwa kwemishini, okufana namandla aqinile, umthwalo wokuqinisekisa, nokuhlolwa kokukhathala, kwenziwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe umthamo wokuthwala umthwalo nokuqina kwamabhawudi. Ezinhlelweni ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuphepha, izindlela zokuhlola ezingalimazi njengokuhlola izinhlayiya kazibuthe noma ukuhlolwa kwe-ultrasonic kungase kusetshenziswe ukuze kutholwe amaphutha angaphakathi. Amabhothi kuphela aphumelela zonke izivivinyo zekhwalithi agunyazwe ukupakishwa nokusabalalisa.
Ukwelashwa okungaphezulu kokuphakamisa amabhawodi wamehlo kubalulekile ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwawo nokwelula impilo yawo yesevisi:
I-Zinc Plating: I-Zinc Plating ihlanganisa ukucwiliswa kwamabhawodi esixazululweni esicebile nge-zinc ngokusebenzisa inqubo ye-electroplating. Lokhu kubeka ungqimba oluncane lwezinc endaweni yebhawodi, esebenza njengesithiyo somhlatshelo. I-zinc layer idla ngokukhethayo, ivikela insimbi engaphansi ekugqwaleni nokugqwala. I-Zinc plating ihlinzeka ngokuvikela ukugqwala okuyisisekelo futhi ifanele izinhlelo zokusebenza zangaphandle ezingaphakathi nezingagqwali kakhulu.
I-Hot-Dip Galvanizing: Enqubweni yokugcoba idiphu eshisayo, amabhawodi aqale ahliswe amafutha futhi afakwe emanzini anosawoti ukuze kukhishwe ukungcola okungaphezulu. Khona-ke, ziyaguquguquka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukumanziswa okufanele nge-zinc encibilikisiwe. Ngemva kwalokho, amabhawodi acwiliswa kubhavu we-zinc oncibilikisiwe ezingeni lokushisa elingama-450 - 460°C. I-zinc ihlangana nensimbi esensimbini ukuze yakhe uchungechunge lwezingqimba zengxube ye-zinc-iron, elandelwa ungqimba lwangaphandle lwezinki oluhlanzekile. Okuwumphumela wokunamathela othayela kuwugqinsi futhi kuhlala isikhathi eside, kuhlinzeka ukumelana nokugqwala okuhle kakhulu, okwenza amabhawodi afanelekele ukusetshenziswa isikhathi eside ngaphandle kanye nezindawo ezinokhahlo.
I-Stainless Steel Passivation: Ukuze uthole amabhawodi wamehlo ensimbi engagqwali, ukwelashwa kwe-passivation kuvame ukwenziwa. Lokhu kuhilela ukwelapha indawo yebhawodi ngesisombululo se-asidi ukuze kususwe noma yikuphi ukungcola okungaphezulu, izinhlayiya zensimbi, kanye nokuthuthukisa ungqimba lwemvelo lwe-passive oxide ensimbi engagqwali. I-passivation ithuthukisa ukumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi engagqwali, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho ama-ion e-chloride noma ezinye izinto ezibolayo zingaba khona.
Izingubo Ezikhethekile: Amanye amabhawodi wamehlo aphakamisayo angathola ama-coatings akhethekile. Izembatho ze-Teflon zingasetshenziswa ukuze kuncishiswe ukungqubuzana ngesikhathi sokunamathiselwa kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwezihlilingi eziphakamisayo, okwenza umsebenzi ube bushelelezi futhi unciphise ukuguga kwebhawodi kanye nezihlilingi. Izingubo zokulwa nokuhuzuka zisetshenziselwa ukuvikela indawo yebhawodi ekuklwebheni nasekulimaleni okubangelwa ukuthintana okuphindaphindiwe nemishini yokuphakamisa, ikakhulukazi ekusetshenzisweni kokugqoka okuphezulu.
Amabhawodi wamehlo okuphakamisa asetshenziswa kabanzi kuzo zonke izimboni nezinhlelo zokusebenza lapho imisebenzi yokuphakamisa nokuphakamisa idingeka:
Imboni Yezokwakha: Ekwakhiweni, ama-bolts okuphakamisa amehlo asetshenziselwa ukuphakamisa nokufaka izingxenye zesakhiwo njengamaphaneli kakhonkolo wangaphambili, imishayo yensimbi, kanye nemishini emikhulu yemishini. Zibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuhlangana okuphephile nokuphumelelayo kwezakhiwo, noma ngabe yisakhiwo sokuhlala, ibhilidi elingaphezulu kwezentengiselwano, noma indawo yezimboni.
Imboni Yokukhiqiza: Ezitshalweni zokukhiqiza, ukuphakamisa ama-bolts wamehlo asetshenziselwa ukuphakamisa imishini esindayo, izingxenye ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza, nemikhiqizo eqediwe yokuthutha. Zisetshenziswa emigqeni yokuhlanganisa, izitolo zemishini, kanye nezindawo zokugcina izimpahla ukuze zinyakaze futhi zibeke izinto ezinkulu nezisindayo ngendlela enembile, kube lula inqubo yokukhiqiza kanye nokusebenza kwempahla.
Imboni Yasolwandle Nase-Offshore: Emikhakheni yasolwandle neyasogwini, ukuphakamisa amabhawodi wamehlo kudlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwemikhumbi, ukulungisa umkhumbi, kanye nokwakhiwa kweplathifomu yasolwandle. Asetshenziselwa ukuphakamisa izingxenye zemikhumbi yemikhumbi, izinto zasolwandle, kanye nemisebenzi yokubopha imikhumbi nezakhiwo zasogwini. Izidingo eziphakeme zokumelana nokugqwala kulezi zindawo zivame ukuholela ekusetshenzisweni kwensimbi engagqwali noma amabhawodi wamehlo aphakamisa idiphu ashisayo.
Imboni Yezokuthutha: Embonini yezokuthutha, ukuphakamisa amehlo kusetshenziselwa ukulayisha nokulayisha impahla enzima emalolini, ezitimeleni, nasemikhunjini. Zibuye zisetshenziswe ekunakekeleni nasekulungiseni izimoto nengqalasizinda yezokuthutha, njengezinjini zokuphakamisa, ukuhanjiswa, kanye nezingxenye zamabhuloho ngesikhathi sokusevisa.
Imboni Yokukhiqiza Amandla Nezinsiza: Ezitshalweni zikagesi, kokubili izikhungo zamandla ashisayo navuselelekayo, amabhothi aphakamisa amehlo asetshenziselwa ukufaka nokugcina okokuphehla ugesi, okunjengamaturbine, amajeneretha, nama-transformer. Zibalulekile futhi emsebenzini wosizo wokuphakamisa izigxobo zikagesi, ama-transformer, nezinye izinto zokusebenza ngesikhathi sokufakwa nokulungisa.
Ikhono Lokuthwala Okuphezulu: Amabhawodi wamehlo okuphakamisa aklanywe futhi akhiqizwa ukuze amelane nemithwalo ebalulekile. Ngokuya ngebanga lezinto ezibonakalayo nosayizi, bangakwazi ukuphatha imithwalo esukela kumakhilogremu ambalwa ukuya kumathani amaningi. Lo mthamo ophezulu wokuthwala umthwalo uqinisekisa ukuphakanyiswa okuphephile kwezinto ezisindayo ezinhlelweni ezihlukahlukene zezimboni nezokwakha.
Ukuphepha Okuthembekile: Ngenxa yezinqubo eziqinile zokukhiqiza kanye nezinyathelo zokulawula ikhwalithi, ukuphakamisa ama-bolts kunikeza ukuphepha okuthembekile ngesikhathi sokuphakamisa imisebenzi. Ukuhlolwa okuqinile kwamandla, ukuqina, nobuqotho kuqinisekisa ukuthi amabhawodi angethenjwa ukuthi asebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima, okunciphisa ubungozi bezingozi nokulimala kwemishini.
Ukumelana Nokugqwala: Ngokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezifana nensimbi engagqwali kanye nokwelashwa kwendawo okuthuthukisiwe okufana ne-hot-dip galvanizing, ukuphakamisa amabhawodi wamehlo kungamelana nokugqwala ngempumelelo. Lokhu kubenza bafanelekele ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni zezimboni zangaphandle, zasolwandle, nezidlekayo, zandise impilo yazo yesevisi futhi kwehlise nezindleko zokuzilungisa.
Ukuguquguquka: Itholakala ngobukhulu obuhlukahlukene obuhlukahlukene, amandla omthwalo, kanye nemiklamo, ukuphakamisa ama-bolts angashintshwa kalula ukuze kuhambisane nezidingo ezahlukene zokuphakamisa. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuwumsebenzi olula wokuphakamisa noma umshini oyinkimbinkimbi, kunemodeli efanelekile yokuphakamisa iso ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezithile zohlelo lokusebenza.
Ukufakwa kalula nokusetshenziswa: Ama-bolts okuphakamisa amehlo kulula ukuwafaka, njengoba angafakwa emigodini embozwe ngaphambili noma asetshenziswe ngamantongomane afanelekile. Idizayini yabo elula ivumela ukunamathiselwa okusheshayo kwezihlilingi eziphakamisayo, amaketanga, noma ezinye izinto zokubopha, ukwenza kube lula ukuphakamisa imisebenzi ephumelelayo nokunciphisa isikhathi esidingekayo sokusetha nokufakwa.