
Lawa mabhawodi esakhiwo ngokuyinhloko asebenzisa insimbi engagqwali njengento eyisisekelo, ewanikeza ukumelana nokugqwala okuhle kakhulu nokuqina.
Lawa mabhawodi esakhiwo ngokuyinhloko asebenzisa insimbi engagqwali njengento eyisisekelo, ewanikeza ukumelana nokugqwala okuhle kakhulu nokuqina. Amabanga ensimbi engagqwali avame ukuqashwa ahlanganisa 304 kanye 316. Ibanga 304 insimbi engagqwali inikeza okuhle jikelele - injongo ukuvikela ukugqwala, okuyenza ifanelekele izinhlelo zokusebenza zasendlini kanye eziningi ngaphandle ngokuchayeka okusesilinganisweni kwemvelo. I-Grade 316 insimbi engagqwali, equkethe ingxenye ephezulu ye-molybdenum, inikeza ukumelana okuthuthukisiwe kumakhemikhali anonya, amanzi anosawoti, kanye nezimo ezimbi kakhulu, okuyenza ibe yinketho ekhethwayo kumaphrojekthi okwakha olwandle, amakhemikhali, kanye nasogwini.
I-“HDG” egameni lomkhiqizo ibhekisela ku-Hot - Dip Galvanizing (HDG), ukwelashwa okungeziwe kokuvikela. Ngemva kokwakhiwa kwamabhawodi ensimbi angenasici, acwiliswa kubhavu we-zinc oncibilikisiwe ongaba ngu-450 - 460°C. I-zinc isabela nengaphezulu lensimbi engagqwali ukuze yakhe uchungechunge lwezinki - izingqimba zengxube yensimbi, kulandele ungqimba lwangaphandle lwezinki oluhlanzekile. Lokhu kunamathela okuqinile nokuqinile okunothayela kuthuthukisa ukumelana nokugqwala kwamabhawodi, kunikeze ungqimba olwengeziwe lwesivikelo kuma-elementi kanye nokwelula impilo yabo yesevisi ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene ezinokhahlo.
Ulayini womkhiqizo we-ASTM A325/A325M HDG engenasici - insimbi igcwele/uhhafu - amabhawodi esakhiwo esindayo angamahexagon ahlanganisa amamodeli ahlukene ahlukaniswe ngokwezindinganiso ze-ASTM, kanye nosayizi, uhlobo lwentambo, namandla okuthwala umthwalo:
Amamodeli ajwayelekile we-Metric kanye ne-Imperial: Ngokuvumelana namazinga we-ASTM A325 (imperial) kanye ne-ASTM A325M (metric), lawa mabhothi atholakala ngebanga elibanzi losayizi. Ohlelweni lombuso, amadayamitha ngokuvamile asukela ku-1/2" ukuya ku-1 - 1/2", kuyilapho ohlelweni lwemethrikhi, asukela ku-M12 kuya ku-M36. Ubude bamabhawodi bungahluka ukusuka ku-2" (noma 50mm) kuye ku-12" (noma 300mm) noma ngaphezulu, kuye ngezidingo ezithile zohlelo. Amamodeli ajwayelekile afaka imiklamo yentambo egcwele - egcwele noma ehhafu. Amabhawodi entambo agcwele anemicu kuwo wonke ubude be-shank, ehlinzeka ngokusebenza okuqinile kokuqiniswa, kuyilapho uhhafu - amabhawodi entambo anemicu engxenyeni kuphela ye-shank, okuzuzisa izinhlelo zokusebenza lapho ingxenye engafakwanga intambo idingeka ukunciphisa ukungqubuzana noma umthwalo othize - izidingo zokusabalalisa.
Amamodeli Amandla aphezulu - Okulayishwayo: Aklanyelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza zesakhiwo esisindayo, amabhawodi omthamo omkhulu adizayinelwe anobubanzi obukhudlwana namakhanda e-hex aminyene ukuze abambe amandla amakhulu okudonsa kanye nokugunda. Lawa mabhawodi avame ukusetshenziswa ekuxhumekeni kwesakhiwo esibucayi sezakhiwo ezinkulu, amabhuloho, nezinsiza zezimboni. Banamathela ngokuqinile ezidingweni eziqinile zobukhulu nokusebenza kwamazinga e-ASTM A325/A325M, baqinisekisa ukusebenza okuthembekile ngaphansi kwemithwalo esindayo nezimo ezimbi kakhulu.
Okukhethekile - Amamodeli Ohlelo: Ngezimo zokwakha eziyingqayizivele, amamodeli akhethekile - ayatholakala. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise amabhawodi anentambo ethize, ubude bangokwezifiso, noma umumo wekhanda oshintshiwe. Isibonelo, kweminye imiklamo yesakhiwo eyinkimbinkimbi, amabhawodi anamashanki angewona anwetshiwe noma amaphrofayili entambo ayisipesheli ayadingeka ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zomthwalo oqondile. Lawa mamodeli ohlelo olukhethekile asahambisana nezindinganiso eziyinhloko ze-ASTM A325/A325M kuyilapho enikeza izixazululo eziklanyelwe amaphrojekthi athile.
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-ASTM A325/A325M HDG engagqwali - insimbi egcwele/uhhafu - intambo esindayo yamabhawodi esakhiwo esiyihexagon ihilela izinyathelo ezinembayo eziningi kuyilapho kuthobelana ngokuqinile namazinga e-ASTM nekhwalithi - izinyathelo zokulawula:
Ukulungiselela Material: Ikhwalithi ephezulu ye-stainless - izinto zokusetshenziswa zensimbi, njengemigoqo yensimbi noma izinduku, zitholakala ngokucophelela. Ukuhlolwa okuqinile kuyenziwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali, izakhiwo zemishini, kanye nekhwalithi yangaphezulu yezinto zokwakha, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ziyahlangabezana nezidingo zamazinga e-ASTM A325/A325M kanye namabanga ashiwo angenasici - ensimbi. Izinto zensimbi ezingagqwali zibe sezisikwa zibe ubude obufanele ngokuya ngezidingo ezithile zosayizi wamabhawodi.
Ukubumba: Amabhawodi ensimbi ajwayele ukwakhiwa ngezinqubo zokubumba ezibandayo - zesihloko noma ezishisayo. Isihloko esibandayo sivame ukusetshenziswa kumabhawodi anosayizi omncane. Kule nqubo, insimbi engagqwali ibunjwa ibe yisici esindayo sekhanda le-hex futhi umshudo osetshenziswayo uyafa ngezigaba eziningi. Le ndlela isebenza kahle ekukhiqizweni kwevolumu ephezulu futhi ingakha amafomu ochungechunge olunembile kanye nokuma kwebhawudi kuyilapho igcina ukuthobelana nokubekezelela kobukhulu bezindinganiso ze-ASTM. I-Hot - Forging isetshenziswa kumabhawodi amakhulu noma aphezulu - amandla, lapho insimbi engagqwali - ishiselwa ukuze ibe sesimweni esithambile bese ilolongwa ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu ukuze kuzuzwe amandla adingekayo kanye nokunemba kobukhulu ngokwezindinganiso ze-ASTM.
Uchungechunge: Ngemva kokwakhiwa, amabhawodi enza imisebenzi yokuthungatha. Ukuze uthole ama-bolts aphelele, izintambo zenziwa kulo lonke ubude be-shank, kanti isigamu-ama-bolts wentambo, izintambo zenziwa kuphela engxenyeni ekhethiwe. Ukugoqa intambo kuyindlela ekhethwayo njengoba kwakha intambo enamandla ngokubanda - ukusebenza kwensimbi, ukuthuthukisa ukumelana nokukhathala kwamabhawodi. Izinsimbi zokulutha ezikhethekile zisetshenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuphakama kwentambo, iphrofayili, nobukhulu buhambisana ngokunembile nezidingo zamazinga e-ASTM A325/A325M, okuqinisekisa ukuhambisana namantongomane ahambisanayo nezimbobo ezinentambo.
Ukwelashwa Kokushisa (uma kudingeka): Kwezinye izimo, kuye ngokuthi i-stainless steel grade ethize kanye nezidingo zohlelo lokusebenza, amabhawodi angase abhekane nokushisa - izinqubo zokwelashwa. Ukwelashwa kokushisa kungathuthukisa izici zemishini zensimbi engagqwali, njengokuthuthukisa amandla ayo, ubulukhuni, nokuqina, ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo eziqinile zokusebenza kwezinhlelo zokusebenza zesakhiwo ezicaciswe kumazinga we-ASTM.
Kuyashisa - Dip Galvanizing: Amabhawodi akhiwe aqale ahlanzwe kahle ukuze asuse noma yikuphi ukungcola, uwoyela, noma isikali. Khona-ke, ziyaguquguquka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukumanziswa okufanele nge-zinc encibilikisiwe. Ngemva kwalokho, amabhawodi acwiliswa kubhavu we-zinc oncibilikisiwe cishe ku-450 - 460°C isikhathi esithile. Phakathi nale nqubo, i-zinc isakazeka ebusweni bensimbi engagqwali, yakha uchungechunge lwezinki - izingqimba ze-iron alloy kanye noqweqwe lwangaphandle oluqinile lwe-zinc ehlanzekile. Uma usukhishiwe ekugezeni, ama-bolts avunyelwe ukupholisa, futhi noma iyiphi i-zinc eyengeziwe iyasuswa. Le nqubo ye-hot - dip galvanizing ihlinzeka ngokuvikela okuqinile futhi okuhlala isikhathi eside.
Ukuhlolwa Kwekhwalithi: Yonke iqoqo lamabholithi ingaphansi kokuhlolwa okuqinile ngokuhambisana namazinga e-ASTM A325/A325M. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Dimensional kwenziwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ububanzi bebhawodi, ubude, ukucaciswa kwentambo, usayizi wekhanda, nokuqina kuhlangabezana nezidingo ezinembile zezinga. Ukuhlolwa kwemishini, okuhlanganisa amandla aqinile, umthwalo wokuqinisekisa, nokuhlolwa kokuqina, kwenziwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amabhawodi angakwazi ukumelana nemithwalo eshiwo futhi ahlangabezane nemibandela yamandla nokusebenza. Ukuhlolwa okubukwayo kuyenziwa ukuze kuhlolwe ukonakala kwendawo, ukumbozwa kokushisa okufanelekile kwediphu, nanoma yikuphi ukungahambisani nezidingo zokubukeka kwezinga. Ukwengeza, ukuhlolwa kokugqwala kungenziwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle kwe-HDG coating. Amabhothi kuphela aphumelela zonke izivivinyo zekhwalithi agunyazwe ukupakishwa nokusabalalisa.
Ukwelashwa kwe-hot-dip galvanizing (HDG) ebusweni kuyisici esibalulekile esithuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kwala mabhawodi esakhiwo:
Ukwelashwa kwangaphambili: Ngaphambi kokushiswa kwediphu, amabhawodi acutshungulwa kahle ngaphambi kokwelashwa. Lokhu kuqala ngokunciphisa amafutha, lapho amabhawodi ehlanzwa kusetshenziswa izinyibilikisi noma izixazululo ze-alkaline ukuze kususwe noma yikuphi uwoyela, amafutha, noma ukungcola okuphilayo endaweni. Khona-ke, ukuchotshozwa kwenziwa ngokucwilisa amabhawodi esixazululweni se-asidi (imvamisa i-hydrochloric noma i-sulfuric acid) ukuze kususwe ukugqwala, isikali, nezinye idiphozithi ezingaphili. Ngemuva kokukhetha, ama-bolts ahlanzwa kahle ukuze asuse noma iyiphi i-asidi esele. Ekugcineni, inqubo yokuguquguquka iyenziwa, lapho ama-bolts ecwiliswa khona ngesisombululo se-flux. I-flux isiza ukususa noma yimaphi ama-oxide asele, ithuthukisa ukumanziswa kwe-bolt surface nge-zinc encibilikisiwe, futhi ivimbele ukukhishwa kabusha kwe-oxidation ngesikhathi senqubo yokufaka ama-galvanizing.
Kuyashisa - Inqubo Yokucwilisa Ukugaya: Amabhawodi alashwe ngaphambilini abe esecwiliswa kubhavu we-zinc oncibilikisiwe ongaba ngu-450 - 460°C. Ukushisa okuphezulu kokugeza kwe-zinc kubangela ukusabela kwe-metallurgical phakathi kwe-zinc kanye ne-stainless - surface steel. Ekuqaleni, ama-athomu e-zinc asakazeka ku-stainless - steel substrate, akha uchungechunge lwezinki - izingqimba ze-iron alloy ezinezingoma ezihlukene. Lezi zingqimba ze-alloy zinikeza ukunamathela okuhle kakhulu phakathi kwe-zinc coating kanye nesisekelo sensimbi. Kamuva, ungqimba lwangaphandle oluwugqinsi lwe-zinc oluhlanzekile lufakwa phezu kwezingqimba zengxubevange. Ugqinsi lothayela olunothayela bungasukela kuma-microns angama-80 - 120, kuye ngosayizi nohlobo lwamabhawodi, kanye nezidingo ezithile zamazinga e-ASTM kanye nohlelo lokusebenza.
Thumela - ukwelashwa: Ngemva kokushisa - idiphu galvanizing, amabhawodi angase abhekane post - ukwelashwa izinqubo. Okukodwa okuthunyelwe okujwayelekile - ukwelashwa i-passivation, lapho amabhawodi aphathwa ngesixazululo samakhemikhali (njengezixazululo ezisekelwe ku-chromate - ezisekelwe noma ezingekho - chromate) ukuze kwakheke ungqimba oluncane lwe-oxide oluvikelayo ebusweni be-zinc coating. Lokhu kwelashwa kwe-passivation kuthuthukisa futhi ukumelana nokugqwala kwe-galvanized coating, kuthuthukisa ukubukeka kwayo, futhi kunikeze ukuvikeleka okuthile ekubumbeni kokugqwala okumhlophe. Ukwengeza, amabhawodi angase ahlolelwe noma yikuphi ukungahambi kahle kwendawo, futhi kwezinye izimo, angase abe ngaphansi kwezinqubo zemishini ezinjengokuxubha noma ukudubula - ukuqhuma ukuze kukhishwe noma iyiphi i-zinc eyeqile noma ukuze bushelelezi indawo engaphezulu.
I-ASTM A325/A325M HDG engagqwali - insimbi egcwele/uhhafu - amabhawodi esakhiwo esindayo ayi-hexagon asetshenziswa kabanzi ekwakheni okubalulekile nasezinhlelweni zezimboni:
Ukwakhiwa Kwezakhiwo: Emaphrojekthini wokwakha amakhulu, lawa mabhawodi asetshenziselwa ukuxhuma imishayo yensimbi, amakholomu, nama-trusses, okwenza uhlaka lwesakhiwo sezakhiwo. Amandla abo aphezulu kanye nokumelana nokugqwala okuhle kakhulu, okuthuthukisiwe ukwelashwa kwe-HDG, kuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwesikhathi eside nobuqotho besakhiwo sokwakha, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ibhilidi lezentengiselwano, indawo yokugcina impahla yezimboni, noma indawo yokuhlala ephakeme. Umklamo ogcwele/uhhafu - wentambo uvumela ukuqiniswa okuguquguqukayo nokuvikelekile ekuxhumekeni kwesakhiwo okuhlukene, okuhlangabezana nezidingo ezahlukahlukene zokuklama nokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo.
Ukwakhiwa Kwebhuloho: Amabhuloho achayeka ezimeni ezehlukene ezinzima zemvelo, okuhlanganisa umswakama, ukudlidliza okubangelwe ithrafikhi, nezinto ezonakalisayo. Lawa mabhawodi esakhiwo abalulekile ekuxhumaniseni izingxenye zebhuloho, njengamabhande, ama-pier, kanye ne-decking. Idizayini ethobelanayo ye-ASTM - kanye nokwembozwa kwe-HDG okuqinile kwenza amabhawodi akwazi ukumelana nemithwalo esindayo, ukudlidliza, nokugqwala, okuqinisekisa ukuphepha nokuqina kwengqalasizinda yebhuloho esikhathini sokusebenza kwayo.
Izinsiza zezimboni: Ezimbonini zezimboni, izindawo zokuhluza, kanye nezindawo zokukhiqiza, lawa mabhawodi asetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa imishini esindayo, amafreyimu emishini, nezisekelo zesakhiwo. Amamodeli womthamo ophezulu angamelana nemithwalo esindayo yokusebenza kanye nokudlidliza okukhiqizwa imishini yezimboni. Izakhiwo ezikwazi ukumelana nokugqwala zensimbi engagqwali, ezihlanganiswe ne-HDG enamathelayo, zivikela amabhawodi ekungcoleni kwezimboni, amakhemikhali, kanye nomswakamo, zinciphisa izidingo zokunakekelwa kanye nokunciphisa ingozi yokwehluleka kwesakhiwo kuzilungiselelo zezimboni.
Izakhiwo Zasolwandle Nezasolwandle: Ezinkundleni zokuxhumana nasogwini, imikhumbi, nokufakwa olwandle, lapho ukuchayeka emanzini anosawoti kanye nezindawo zasolwandle ezinonya kuhlala njalo, lawa mabhawodi aziswa kakhulu. Ukumelana nokugqwala okuphakeme okungu-316 kwensimbi engagqwali, kanye nesivikelo esengeziwe esinikezwa i-HDG coating, kubenza bakwazi ukumelana nemiphumela egqwalayo yamanzi olwandle, umswakama, nomoya wasolwandle. Zisetshenziselwa ukubopha izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zasolwandle, ukuqinisekisa ukwethembeka nokuphepha kwezakhiwo zasolwandle nezasolwandle.
Amaphrojekthi Wengqalasizinda: Kumiklamo yengqalasizinda efana nezindawo zokuphehla ugesi, imibhoshongo yokudlulisa amandla, kanye nezindawo ezinkulu zokuhlanza amanzi, lawa mabhawodi esakhiwo adlala indima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuzinza nokusebenza kwezakhiwo. Ukuthobela kwabo amazinga e-ASTM A325/A325M kuqinisekisa ikhwalithi nokusebenza okungaguquguquki, kuyilapho ukwelashwa kwe-HDG kunikeza isivikelo sesikhathi eside ezicini zemvelo, okunikela ekuqineni kukonke kanye nempilo yesevisi yengqalasizinda.
Amandla Aphezulu Nomthwalo - Ikhono Lokuthwala: Ngokuhambisana nezindinganiso ze-ASTM A325/A325M, lawa mabhawodi anikeza amandla aphezulu kanye nomthamo omuhle kakhulu wokuthwala umthwalo. Zenzelwe ukumelana nokushuba okubalulekile, ukugunda, nokukhathala, okuzenza zifaneleke ukuxhumana kwesakhiwo esibalulekile emisebenzini ehlukahlukene yokwakha nezimboni. Ukwakhiwa okuqinile, okuhlangene nokukhetha okufanelekile kwebanga lensimbi engagqwali kanye nokwelashwa kokushisa (uma kusebenza), kuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuthembekile ngaphansi kwemithwalo esindayo kanye nezimo ezimbi kakhulu.
I-Superior Corrosion Resistance: Inhlanganisela yezinto ezingenasici - isisekelo sensimbi kanye ne-hot - dip galvanizing inikeza ukumelana nokugqwala okuphakeme. Insimbi engagqwali isivele inikeza ukuvikelwa okuhle kwemvelo kokugqwala, futhi i-HDG coating yengeza isendlalelo esengeziwe sokuzivikela ngokumelene nezakhi. Lokhu kwenza amabhawodi afaneleke kakhulu ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni ezinokhahlo, okuhlanganisa izindawo ezisogwini, izinhlelo zokusebenza zasolwandle, nezilungiselelo zezimboni ezinomswakama ophezulu noma ukuchayeka kumakhemikhali, okunweba kakhulu impilo yawo yesevisi nokunciphisa izindleko zokunakekela.
Idizayini Ejwayelekile Nethembekile: Ngokuhambisana namazinga e-ASTM A325/A325M, lawa mabhothi ahlinzeka ngomklamo osezingeni, oqinisekisa ukuhambisana nokushintshana kuwo wonke amaphrojekthi nezifunda ezahlukene. Ikhwalithi eqinile - izinyathelo zokulawula ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza, njengoba kudingwa izindinganiso, iqinisekisa ikhwalithi engaguquki nokusebenza. Lokhu kumiswa kwenza kube lula ukuthengwa kwempahla, ukufakwa, kanye nezinqubo zokulungisa, kunciphisa ubungozi bamaphutha, futhi kunikeza ukuthula kwengqondo konjiniyela, osonkontileka, nabanikazi bephrojekthi.
Idizayini Yochungechunge Ehlukahlukene: Ukutholakala kwakho kokubili okukhethwa kukho kwentambo egcwele - nesigamu - kunikeza ukuguquguquka kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukene. Amabhawodi entambo agcwele alungele ukusetshenziswa lapho kudingeka amandla okubamba afanayo kubo bonke ubude bebhawodi, kuyilapho amabhawodi entambo enguhhafu angasetshenziswa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusatshalaliswa komthwalo, ukunciphisa ukungqubuzana, noma ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ezithile zokuklama. Lokhu kuvumelana nezimo kuvumela izixazululo zokuqiniswa ngokwezifiso ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezahlukahlukene zamaphrojekthi ahlukahlukene wokwakha nezimboni.
Isikhathi Eside - Isivikelo Esihlala Njalo: Inqubo ye-hot-dip galvanizing idala i-zinc ewugqinsi futhi eqinile enamathela kahle endaweni yensimbi engenasici. Lokhu kunamathela kunikeza isivikelo esihlala isikhathi eside ekulimaleni, ekuhuzukeni, nakwezinye izinhlobo zokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo. Izinqubo ze-post - ukwelashwa, njengokudlula, zithuthukisa ukuqina kwe-coating, iqinisekisa ukuthi amabhawodi agcina ukusebenza nokubukeka kwawo isikhathi eside, ngisho nasezimweni eziyinselele kakhulu.
Ukuphepha Okuthuthukisiwe: Ezinhlelweni zokusebenza zesakhiwo, ukuthembeka nokusebenza kwalawa mabhawodi kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kwezakhiwo, amabhuloho, nezinye izingqalasizinda. Amandla abo aphezulu, ukumelana nokugqwala, kanye nokuhambisana nezindinganiso eziqinile ze-ASTM kunomthelela ekupheleleni kwesakhiwo, kunciphisa ubungozi bokwehluleka kwesakhiwo kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwabantu nempahla.