
Ma ulusi amapangidwa nthawi zambiri kuchokera ku zida zamtundu wapamwamba, zomwe zimasankhidwa kutengera zomwe zimafunidwa pakugwiritsa ntchito mosiyanasiyana pokhudzana ndi mphamvu, kulimba, komanso kukana dzimbiri. Chitsulo cha kaboni ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofala kwambiri, makamaka m'makalasi monga 4.8, 8.8, ndi 10.9.
Ma ulusi amapangidwa nthawi zambiri kuchokera ku zida zamtundu wapamwamba, zomwe zimasankhidwa kutengera zomwe zimafunidwa pamagwiritsidwe osiyanasiyana okhudzana ndi mphamvu, kulimba, komanso kukana dzimbiri. Chitsulo cha kaboni ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofala kwambiri, makamaka m'makalasi monga 4.8, 8.8, ndi 10.9. Chitsulo chotsika cha kalasi 4.8 chimapereka mphamvu zoyambira, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera pazantchito zanthawi zonse zomangirira pomwe zofunikira sizili zolimba kwambiri. Mosiyana ndi izi, zitsulo za carbon zapamwamba monga 8.8 ndi 10.9 zimatha kulandira chithandizo cha kutentha kuti ziwonjezere mphamvu zawo, kuuma, ndi kulimba. Kupititsa patsogolo kumeneku kumawathandiza kuti athe kupirira zolemetsa komanso zovuta zamakina, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala abwino pantchito zamafakitale ndi zomangamanga zomwe zimafuna kulimba mtima. Kuti muteteze zingwe zachitsulo kuti zisawonongeke, mankhwala ochizira omwe amapezeka pamtunda amaphatikiza zinki plating, zokutira wakuda wa oxide, ndi kutentha - dip galvanizing.
Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi chinthu chinanso chofunikira, chomwe giredi 304 ndi 316 chikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. 304 Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimapereka zokhutiritsa - kukana kwa dzimbiri, kupangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'nyumba ndi zochitika zambiri zakunja zokhala ndi mawonekedwe achilengedwe. 316 chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake kwa molybdenum, chimapereka kukana kwamphamvu kwa mankhwala owopsa, madzi amchere, komanso mikhalidwe yowopsa. Zotsatira zake, ndizomwe zimasankhidwa m'mafakitale monga am'madzi, mankhwala, ndi kukonza chakudya, komanso ntchito zakunja m'madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja kapena malo okhala ndi chinyezi chambiri.
M'mapulogalamu apadera omwe ntchito yayikulu ndiyofunikira, chitsulo cha alloy chimayamba kugwira ntchito. Chitsulo cha aloyi, chomwe chili ndi zinthu monga chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, ndi faifi tambala, chimatha kukhala chotentha - chogwiritsidwa ntchito kuti chikwaniritse mawonekedwe apadera. Ulusi wopangidwa kuchokera ku chitsulo cha alloy nthawi zambiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito pazovuta kwambiri, monga injini zamagalimoto, zida zam'mlengalenga, ndi makina olemetsa, pomwe mphamvu ndi kukana kutopa ndizofunikira kwambiri.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ulusi imakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, yogawidwa molingana ndi kukula, kutalika, mtundu wa ulusi, mtundu wazinthu, ndi mawonekedwe ake:
Masamba a Standard Thread: Zipilala zokhazikika zimapezeka mumitundu yambiri yama metric ndi makulidwe achifumu. Miyeso ya ma metric nthawi zambiri imayambira pa M3 mpaka M36, pomwe kukula kwa mfumu kumayambira pa #4 mpaka 1 - 1/2". Zipatsozi zimakhala ndi ulusi wanthawi zonse ndipo ndizoyenera kumangirira makina, kuyika zida, ndi ntchito zomanga zoyambira. Ulusi wokhazikika nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi ulusi wofanana m'litali mwake, zomwe zimapereka yankho lodalirika komanso lokhazikika lantchito zosiyanasiyana.
High - Strength Thread Studs: Zopangidwira ntchito zolemetsa, zingwe zolimba kwambiri zimapangidwa kuchokera ku zida zapamwamba, nthawi zambiri chitsulo cha alloy kapena chitsulo champhamvu cha carbon chokhala ndi magiredi ngati 12.9. Zopangira izi zimapangidwa ndi mainchesi akulu komanso zazitali kuti zizitha kulimba komanso kumeta ubweya wambiri. Ndiwofunika kwambiri pamafakitale kuti mupeze makina olemera, zida zazikulu zamapangidwe, ndi zida zomwe zimagwira ntchito monyamula katundu wambiri komanso kugwedezeka. Ulusi wamphamvu kwambiri ukhozanso kuphatikiza mapangidwe apadera a ulusi kapena zina zowonjezera kuti ziwongolere magwiridwe antchito awo ndikunyamula katundu.
Zapadera - Zigawo Zazigawo Zazingwe:
Zabwino - Zolemba za Ulusi: Zokhala ndi kamvekedwe kakang'ono ka ulusi poyerekeza ndi zipilala wamba, zokometsera - zokometsera zimathandizira kuwongolera bwino komanso kukana kumasuka. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri pamapulogalamu omwe amafunikira kuwongolera mwaluso, monga makina olondola, zida zowonera, ndi kuphatikiza kwamagetsi apamwamba kwambiri. Mapangidwe a ulusi wabwino amalola kuyika kolondola komanso kulumikizidwa kotetezeka muzinthu zosavuta izi.
Zolemba za Blind Thread: Ma studs awa amapangidwa makamaka kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito m'mabowo akhungu, pomwe mwayi umatheka kuchokera mbali imodzi. Ulusi wakhungu nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi ulusi wopindika kumapeto kwina kuti ulowetsedwe mu dzenje lakhungu ndi kasinthidwe kosiyana, monga shank yosalala kapena mutu, kumapeto kwina kumangirira zigawo. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mipando, kusonkhanitsa mkati mwa magalimoto, ndi ntchito zina pomwe kumangirira koyera ndi kotetezeka kuchokera mbali imodzi kumafunika.
Anti-Vibration Thread Studs: Zopangidwa kuti zileke kumasuka chifukwa cha kugwedezeka, ulusi wa anti - vibration umakhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera. Ena amatha kukhala ndi ulusi wodzitsekera okha, pomwe ena amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zina zokhoma kapena zokutira. Izi ndizofunika kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito monga mainjini agalimoto, makina am'mafakitale okhala ndi zida zogwedezeka kwambiri, ndi zida zoyendera, kuwonetsetsa kuti kumangirira kumakhalabe kotetezeka ngakhale kugwedezeka kosalekeza.
Kupanga kwa ulusi kumaphatikizapo njira zingapo zolondola komanso zowongolera - zowongolera kuti zitsimikizire kudalirika komanso magwiridwe antchito:
Kukonzekera Zinthu Zakuthupi: Zida zapamwamba kwambiri, monga zitsulo kapena ndodo, zimasungidwa mosamala. Kuyang'ana mozama kumachitika kuti zitsimikizire kapangidwe kake, makina amakina, komanso mawonekedwe apamwamba azinthuzo, kuwonetsetsa kuti zikutsatira miyezo yopangira. Pambuyo pake, zida zachitsulo zimadulidwa muutali woyenerera malinga ndi zofunikira za kukula kwazitsulo.
Ulusi: Kupanga ulusi ndi njira yofunika kwambiri popanga ulusi. Makina apadera a ulusi amafa kapena makina ogubuduza amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti apange ulusi pazipilala. Kugudubuza ulusi ndiyo njira yomwe imakonda chifukwa imapanga ulusi wolimba kwambiri pozizira - kugwira ntchito yachitsulo, motero kumawonjezera kutopa kwazitsulo. Njira yopangira ulusi imafuna kuwongolera mosamala kuti zitsimikizike kuti ulusi umakhala wolondola, mbiri yabwino ya ulusi, komanso kuti igwirizane ndi mtedza wofananira kapena mabowo oponyedwa. Kwa ma studs omwe ali ndi zofunikira zenizeni za ulusi, monga ulusi wabwino-kapena mafomu apadera a ulusi, ntchito zowonjezera zowonongeka zingakhale zofunikira.
Chithandizo cha kutentha (kwa zida zamphamvu kwambiri): Zipangizo zopangidwa kuchokera ku zida zamphamvu kwambiri monga chitsulo cha aloyi kapena chitsulo cha carbon high-grade nthawi zambiri zimatentha - njira zochizira, kuphatikizapo kuyamwa, kuzimitsa, ndi kutentha. Njirazi zimakulitsa mphamvu zamakina a ma studs, kuonjezera mphamvu, kuuma, ndi kulimba kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira za ntchito zinazake.
Kuthetsa Chithandizo: Kutengera kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kapangidwe ka ulusi wa ulusi, malekezero ake amatha kulandira chithandizo chowonjezera. Mwachitsanzo, malekezero amatha kugwedezeka kuti azitha kuyika mosavuta mu mtedza kapena mabowo odulidwa, kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kuwonongeka ndikuwongolera njira yoyikamo. Nthawi zina, malekezero amatha kusinthidwa kapena kupangidwa kuti agwirizane ndi njira zomangirira kapena kuti apereke mawonekedwe abwinoko ndi zigawo zomwe zaphatikizidwa.
Chithandizo cha Pamwamba: Kukulitsa kukana kwa dzimbiri, kukonza mawonekedwe, ndikuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito, ulusi wachitsulo ukhoza kuchitidwa mosiyanasiyana - njira zochizira. Zinc plating imayika nthaka yopyapyala ya zinc pamwamba pake, yomwe imateteza dzimbiri komanso mawonekedwe owala, achitsulo. Kutentha - dip galvanizing kumapereka zokutira za zinki zokulirapo komanso zolimba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zingwe zikhale zoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali komanso malo ovuta. Kupaka kwa okosijeni wakuda kumapanga wosanjikiza wopyapyala, wakuda, wowonda - wosasunthika kudzera m'machitidwe amankhwala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zipilalazo zikhale zowoneka bwino za matte pomwe zimatetezanso dzimbiri. Zitsulo zazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zitha kuthandizidwa kuti ziwonjezeke kukana dzimbiri.
Kuyang'anira Ubwino: Gulu lililonse la ulusi liyenera kuwunikiridwa mozama. Kuyang'ana kwakukulu kumachitidwa kuti zitsimikizire kuti makulidwe a stud, kutalika, mawonekedwe a ulusi, ndi machiritso ake akukwaniritsa zomwe zakhazikitsidwa. Mayesero amakina, kuphatikiza kulimba kwamphamvu, kuuma, ndi kuyezetsa torque, amachitidwa kuti atsimikizire katundu - kunyamula mphamvu ndi kulimba kwa ma studs. Kuyang'ana kowoneka kumachitikanso kuti azindikire zolakwika zilizonse pamtunda, ming'alu, kapena ulusi wolakwika. Ma studs okhawo omwe amapambana mayeso onse abwino ndi omwe amavomerezedwa kuti azipaka ndi kugawa.
Chithandizo chapamwamba cha ulusi wa ulusi chimakhala ndi gawo lofunikira pakukulitsa magwiridwe antchito ndikutalikitsa moyo wawo wautumiki:
Zinc Plating: Zinc plating ndi njira yomwe anthu ambiri amatengera pamwamba pazitsulo zazitsulo za carbon steel. Kumaphatikizapo electroplating wosanjikiza woonda wa zinki pamwamba stud pamwamba. Zinc wosanjikiza uyu amakhala ngati chotchinga nsembe, corroding makamaka kuteteza zitsulo pansi. Zinc plating imapereka chitetezo chambiri cha dzimbiri ndipo ndi yoyenera m'nyumba komanso zochepa - zopangira kunja zowononga. Zimapangitsanso ma studs kukhala onyezimira, achitsulo, omwe amatha kukopa mwazinthu zina.
Kutentha - Dip Galvanizing: M'nyengo yotentha - dip dip galvanizing, ma studs amayamba kutsukidwa ndi kuzifutsa kuti achotse zowonongeka. Kenako, amasungunulidwa ndikumizidwa m'madzi osambira a zinki osungunuka pafupifupi 450 - 460 ° C. Zinki amachitira ndi chitsulo mu chitsulo kupanga angapo nthaka - chitsulo aloyi zigawo, kutsatiridwa ndi koyera nthaka wosanjikiza. Chopaka chokhuthala chokhazikika komanso cholimba chomwe chimapangitsa kuti chisawonongeke, kupangitsa kuti zipilalazo zikhale zoyenera kwa nthawi yayitali kumadera akunja komanso ankhanza, monga madera a mafakitale, madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ndi madera okhala ndi chinyezi chambiri.
Kupaka kwa Black Oxide: Kupaka kwa Black oxide ndi njira yamankhwala yomwe imapanga wosanjikiza wopyapyala, wakuda, wosasunthika pamwamba pa ulusi wachitsulo cha kaboni. Kupaka uku sikumangopereka chitetezo chambiri komanso kumapereka mawonekedwe amtundu, matte wakuda pazipilala, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimayamikiridwa pakugwiritsa ntchito komwe kukongola komanso kukana kwa dzimbiri kumafunika. Komabe, wosanjikiza wakuda wa okusayidi ndi woonda kwambiri, ndipo malaya owonjezera, monga mafuta kapena sera, angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuti apititse patsogolo chitetezo cha dzimbiri m'malo ovuta kwambiri.
Stainless Steel Passivation: Pazitsulo zazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, chithandizo cha passivation chikuchitika. Izi zimaphatikizapo kumiza ma studs mu njira ya asidi kuchotsa zowononga pamwamba, tinthu tachitsulo, ndi kupititsa patsogolo kusanjikiza kwachilengedwe kopanda oxide pazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri. Passivation imapangitsa kuti zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zisamawonongeke, makamaka m'malo omwe ma chloride ayoni kapena zinthu zina zowononga zitha kukhalapo, kuwonetsetsa kudalirika kwanthawi yayitali ndikugwira ntchito kwa mawotchiwo.
Zopaka Zapadera: Nthawi zina, ulusi ukhoza kulandira zokutira zapadera. Zopaka za Teflon zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zichepetse kukangana pakuyika ndikugwiritsa ntchito, kuti zikhale zosavuta kumangitsa ndi kumasula mtedza pazipatso. Izi ndizothandiza makamaka pakugwiritsa ntchito komwe kumafunikira kusonkhana pafupipafupi komanso kusokoneza. Zotchingira zoletsa kulanda zimalepheretsa kuti zipilalazo zisagwire chifukwa cha okosijeni kapena kutentha kwambiri, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito komwe ma studs angafunikire kuchotsedwa ndikuyikidwanso pafupipafupi, monga kukonza injini kapena kukonza zida zamakampani. Zovala za anti-abrasion zitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito kuteteza pamwamba kuti zisapse ndi kuvala, makamaka m'malo omwe amakangana kwambiri.
Zolemba za ulusi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale ndi ntchito zingapo:
Kupanga Makina ndi Zida: M'makampani opanga makina, zingwe zopangira ulusi ndizofunikira pakuphatikiza zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza zida za injini, ma gearbox, ndi zida zina zolemetsa. Kutha kwa zingwe zopangira ulusi kuti zikhale zokhazikika komanso zodalirika, ngakhale zitalemedwa kwambiri komanso kugwedezeka, zimawapangitsa kukhala ofunikira kwambiri pantchito iyi. Kaya ndikumanga makina akuluakulu amakampani kapena kupanga zida zing'onozing'ono zamakina, zopangira ulusi zimatsimikizira kulumikizana koyenera komanso kulumikizana kotetezeka kwa magawo.
Zomangamanga ndi Zomangamanga: Pa zomangamanga ndi zomangamanga, zingwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikiza zinthu zomangika, monga zitsulo zachitsulo, mizati, ndi zida zopangira konkriti. Amapereka mgwirizano wamphamvu komanso wokhazikika, zomwe zimathandiza kuti pakhale bata komanso kukhulupirika kwa nyumba ndi milatho. Zingwe zolimba zamphamvu nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamapangidwe ofunikira kuti athe kupirira zolemetsa zazikulu komanso kupsinjika komwe kumachitika pamapangidwe awa.
Magalimoto ndi Aerospace Industries: M'makampani amagalimoto, zingwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga injini, kupanga chassis, ndi kuyimitsidwa. Amatha kupirira kugwedezeka ndi kupsinjika kwamakina komwe kumapangidwa panthawi yagalimoto. M'gawo lazamlengalenga, pomwe miyezo yokhazikika komanso magwiridwe antchito ndizofunikira kwambiri, zingwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida za ndege. Kupanga kwawo kolondola komanso mphamvu zamphamvu ndizofunikira kwambiri pakuwonetsetsa chitetezo ndi magwiridwe antchito a ndege, chifukwa ngakhale kulephera pang'ono pakumangirira kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zowopsa.
Zipangizo Zamagetsi ndi Zamagetsi: M'mafakitale amagetsi ndi magetsi, zingwe zopangira ulusi, makamaka ulusi wabwino, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poteteza matabwa ozungulira, zotchingira zamagetsi, ndi zida zina. Mapangidwe a ulusi wabwino amalola kumangirira bwino popanda kuwononga zida zamagetsi. Zimathandizanso kusunga kutsekemera kwa magetsi ndi kugwirizanitsa bwino zigawo, kuonetsetsa kuti ntchito yodalirika yamagetsi ndi magetsi.
Mipando ndi Ntchito Zamatabwa: Popanga mipando ndi matabwa, ulusi, makamaka ulusi wosawona, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Ulusi wakhungu umathandizira kumangirira kotetezedwa kuchokera kumbali imodzi, komwe kumakhala koyenera kupanga maulalo obisika mumipando, kupereka mawonekedwe aukhondo komanso owoneka bwino. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusonkhanitsa mafelemu amatabwa, kulumikiza miyendo ya tebulo, ndikugwirizanitsa zigawo zina za mipando, kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zomalizidwazo zikhale zokhazikika komanso zolimba.
Kumangirira kotetezeka komanso kodalirika: Zidutswa za ulusi zimapereka njira yokhazikika yokhazikika komanso yodalirika. Pogwiritsa ntchito mtedza kapena zingwe zomangirira, zimatha kugawa katundu mofanana ndi kukana kumasuka pansi pa zovuta zosiyanasiyana zamakina, kuphatikizapo kugwedezeka, kukangana, ndi kukameta ubweya. Izi zimawapangitsa kukhala oyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kosiyanasiyana, kuyambira pakuwala - ntchito mpaka ntchito zolemetsa, kuwonetsetsa kukhazikika kwanthawi yayitali kwazinthu zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa kapena zigawo.
Kusinthasintha: Ndi makulidwe osiyanasiyana, zida, mitundu ya ulusi, ndi mapangidwe omwe alipo, zingwe za ulusi zimatha kusinthidwa mosavuta kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira zosiyanasiyana. Kaya ndi yolondola - ntchito yoyang'ana kwambiri pamakampani amagetsi kapena ntchito yomanga yolemetsa, pali mtundu woyenera wa ulusi. Makatani apadera - monga ulusi wabwino, akhungu, ndi anti - vibration, amakulitsanso kuchuluka kwa ntchito zawo, kulola mayankho ogwirizana m'malo apadera.
Kusavuta Kuyika ndi Kuchotsa: Zida za ulusi ndizosavuta kukhazikitsa ndikuchotsa. Akalowetsedwa mu dzenje lopopedwa kapena pokwerera, mtedza kapena zomangira zomangika mosavuta zimatha kumangidwa kapena kumasulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zida zokhazikika, monga ma wrenches kapena sockets. Kuphweka kumeneku pakuyika ndi kuchotsa kumathandizira kusonkhanitsa ndi kukonza njira zogwirira ntchito, kuchepetsa nthawi yopuma komanso ndalama zogwirira ntchito m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana.
Mtengo - Wogwira ntchito: Poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya zomangira, zingwe za ulusi zimatha kupereka njira yotsika mtengo, makamaka pamapulogalamu omwe amafunikira mphamvu yayikulu komanso kukhazikika kodalirika. Kupanga kwawo kokhazikika komanso kupezeka kofalikira kumathandizira kupulumutsa ndalama, ndipo moyo wawo wautali wautumiki umachepetsa kuchuluka kwa kusinthidwa, ndipo pamapeto pake kutsitsa mtengo wonse wa umwini wama projekiti omwe amawagwiritsa ntchito.
Katundu Waukulu - Kukwanitsa Kunyamula: Kutengera zakuthupi ndi kapangidwe kake, zingwe za ulusi zimatha kukhala ndi katundu wambiri. Zitsulo zamphamvu zamphamvu zopangidwa ndi chitsulo cha aloyi kapena chitsulo chapamwamba kwambiri cha kaboni zimatha kupirira mphamvu zolimba komanso zometa ubweya, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala oyenera kugwira ntchito zolemetsa m'mafakitale ndi zomangamanga komwe kumangirira kolimba ndikofunikira kuthandizira katundu wamkulu ndikukana kupunduka.
Kukaniza kwa Corrosion: Chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu monga chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri komanso njira zosiyanasiyana zochizira, zokometsera za ulusi zimapereka zabwino kukana dzimbiri. Izi zimawapangitsa kukhala oyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale akunja, am'madzi, komanso owononga, komwe kumakhala chinyezi, mchere, ndi mankhwala. Kukaniza kwa dzimbiri kumakulitsa moyo wautumiki wa ma studs, kumachepetsa zofunika kukonza, ndikuwonetsetsa kudalirika kwazinthu zomangika pakapita nthawi.