
Maboti omangikawa amagwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ngati maziko, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala olimba kwambiri kuti asachite dzimbiri komanso kulimba.
Maboti omangikawa amagwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ngati maziko, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala olimba kwambiri kuti asachite dzimbiri komanso kulimba. Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo 304 ndi 316. Gulu la 304 zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri limapereka chitetezo chambiri - chitetezero cha dzimbiri, ndikuchipanga kukhala choyenera kugwiritsa ntchito m'nyumba ndi kunja zambiri ndikuwonetseredwa bwino ndi chilengedwe. Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha Grade 316, chomwe chili ndi gawo lalikulu la molybdenum, chimathandizira kukana mankhwala owopsa, madzi amchere, komanso mikhalidwe yovuta kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala chisankho chokondedwa pantchito zomanga zam'madzi, zamankhwala, ndi zam'mphepete mwa nyanja.
"HDG" m'dzina la malonda amatanthauza Hot - Dip Galvanizing (HDG), chithandizo chowonjezera choteteza. Pambuyo popanga zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, amamizidwa mumadzi osambira a zinki osungunuka pafupifupi 450 - 460 ° C. Zinc amachitira ndi pamwamba pa zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri kupanga angapo zinki - chitsulo aloyi zigawo, kutsatiridwa ndi koyera nthaka wosanjikiza. Kupaka malata kokhuthala kumeneku kumawonjezera kukana kwa dzimbiri, kumapereka chitetezo chowonjezera kuzinthu komanso kukulitsa moyo wawo wautumiki m'malo ovuta osiyanasiyana.
Mzere wazogulitsa wa ASTM A325/A325M HDG zosapanga dzimbiri - zitsulo zodzaza / theka - ulusi wolemera wa hexagon umaphatikiza mitundu yosiyanasiyana yogawidwa molingana ndi miyezo ya ASTM, komanso kukula, mtundu wa ulusi, ndi mphamvu yonyamula katundu:
Ma Standard Metric ndi Imperial Models: Mogwirizana ndi miyezo ya ASTM A325 (imperial) ndi ASTM A325M (metric), mabawutiwa amapezeka mosiyanasiyana. Kwa dongosolo lachifumu, ma diameter amachokera ku 1/2 "mpaka 1 - 1/2", pomwe mumayendedwe a metric, amachokera ku M12 mpaka M36. Kutalika kwa mabawuti kumatha kusiyana kuchokera ku 2" (kapena 50mm) mpaka 12" (kapena 300mm) kapena kupitilira apo, kutengera zomwe mukufuna. Mitundu yokhazikika imakhala ndi ulusi wathunthu kapena theka. Zingwe za ulusi wathunthu zimakhala ndi ulusi patali lonse la shank, zomwe zimapereka magwiridwe antchito okhazikika, pomwe ma bolts a ulusi amakhala ndi ulusi pagawo lokha la shank, zomwe zimapindulitsa pazogwiritsa ntchito pomwe gawo lopanda ulusi likufunika kuti muchepetse mikangano kapena katundu wina - zosowa zogawa.
Zapamwamba - Zolemetsa - Zitsanzo Zakuthekera: Amapangidwira ntchito zolemetsa, ma bolts olemetsa kwambiri amapangidwa ndi ma diameter akulu ndi mitu yayikulu ya hex kuti athe kuthana ndi mphamvu zolimba komanso zometa ubweya. Ma bolts awa nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana ndi nyumba zazikulu, milatho, ndi mafakitale. Amatsatira mosamalitsa zofunikira zolimba komanso magwiridwe antchito a ASTM A325/A325M, kuwonetsetsa kuti magwiridwe antchito odalirika ali ndi katundu wolemetsa komanso zovuta.
Zapadera - Zitsanzo Zogwiritsira Ntchito: Kwa zochitika zapadera zomanga, zapadera - zitsanzo zogwiritsira ntchito zilipo. Izi zingaphatikizepo mabawuti okhala ndi ulusi winawake, utali wokhazikika, kapena mitu yosinthidwa. Mwachitsanzo, pamapangidwe ena ovuta, mabawuti okhala ndi zingwe zotalikirapo zopanda ulusi kapena ma profiles apadera a ulusi amafunikira kuti akwaniritse zofunikira zenizeni komanso zonyamula katundu. Mitundu yapaderayi - yogwiritsira ntchito imatsatirabe miyezo ya ASTM A325/A325M pomwe ikupereka mayankho ogwirizana ndi ma projekiti ena.
Kupanga kwa ASTM A325/A325M HDG zosapanga dzimbiri - chitsulo chodzaza / theka - ulusi wolemetsa wa hexagon umaphatikizapo masitepe angapo ndendende ndikutsata miyezo ya ASTM ndi njira zowongolera:
Kukonzekera Zinthu Zakuthupi: Zapamwamba - zosapanga dzimbiri - zopangira zitsulo, monga zitsulo kapena ndodo, zimatsukidwa mosamala. Kuyang'ana mozama kumachitika kuti zitsimikizire kapangidwe kake, mawonekedwe amakanikidwe, komanso mtundu wa zinthuzo, kuwonetsetsa kuti zikukwaniritsa zofunikira za ASTM A325/A325M komanso magiredi osapanga dzimbiri. Zida zosapanga dzimbiri - zitsulo zimadulidwa mu utali woyenerera malinga ndi kukula kwa ma bolts.
Kupanga: Zitsulo zachitsulo nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa kudzera m'mitu yozizira kapena yotentha - kupanga. Mutu wozizira umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamabowuti ang'onoang'ono. Pochita izi, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimapangidwa kukhala mutu wolemera wa hex ndipo shank yogwiritsira ntchito bolt imafa magawo angapo. Njirayi ndiyothandiza pakupanga voliyumu yayikulu ndipo imatha kupanga mafomu olondola a ulusi ndi mawonekedwe a bawuti kwinaku akutsata kulekerera kwamiyezo ya ASTM. Hot - forging imagwiritsidwa ntchito ku ma bolts akuluakulu kapena apamwamba, pomwe chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimatenthedwa kuti chisasunthike ndikuwumbidwa pansi pampanipani kuti chikwaniritse mphamvu zofunikira komanso zolondola molingana ndi miyezo ya ASTM.
Ulusi: Pambuyo kupanga, ma bolts amapita ku ntchito yolumikizira. Kwa ma bolt a ulusi wathunthu, ulusi umapangidwa mozungulira kutalika konse kwa shank, pomwe theka - ulusi wa ulusi, ulusi umangopangidwa pagawo lomwe lasankhidwa. Kugudubuza ulusi ndiyo njira yomwe imakonda chifukwa imapanga ulusi wolimba kwambiri ndi kuzizira - kugwira ntchito yachitsulo, kumapangitsa kuti ma bolt asatope. Ulusi wapadera umafa umagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonetsetsa kuti ulusi, mbiri, ndi kukula kwake zikugwirizana ndendende ndi zofunikira za ASTM A325/A325M, kutsimikizira kuyanjana ndi mtedza wofananira ndi mabowo okhala ndi ulusi.
Chithandizo cha Kutentha (ngati kuli kofunikira): Nthawi zina, malingana ndi zosapanga dzimbiri - kalasi yachitsulo ndi zofunikira zogwiritsira ntchito, ma bolts amatha kutentha - njira zothandizira. Kuchiza kutentha kumatha kukhathamiritsa mawonekedwe achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, monga kulimbitsa mphamvu, kuuma kwake, komanso kulimba kwake, kuti akwaniritse zofunikira pakugwirira ntchito kwamapangidwe ofotokozedwa mumiyezo ya ASTM.
Kutentha - Dip Galvanizing: Maboti opangidwa amayamba kutsukidwa bwino kuti achotse zodetsa zilizonse, mafuta, kapena sikelo. Kenako, amasinthidwa kuti atsimikizire kunyowetsedwa koyenera ndi zinki wosungunuka. Pambuyo pake, mabawutiwo amamizidwa mumadzi osungunuka a zinki pafupifupi 450 - 460 ° C kwa nthawi inayake. Panthawiyi, zinki imafalikira pamwamba pa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, ndikupanga zinki - zigawo za aloyi zachitsulo ndi kunja kwa kunja kwa zinki koyera. Akachotsedwa mu kusamba, ma bolts amaloledwa kuziziritsa, ndipo zinc iliyonse yowonjezereka imachotsedwa. Kutentha kwa dip galvanizing njira iyi kumapereka chitetezo cholimba komanso chokhalitsa.
Kuyang'anira Ubwino: Gulu lililonse la mabawuti limayang'aniridwa mosamalitsa malinga ndi miyezo ya ASTM A325/A325M. Kuwunika kwa dimensional kumachitidwa kuti kuwonetsetsa kuti kukula kwa bawuti, kutalika, mawonekedwe a ulusi, kukula kwa mutu, ndi makulidwe ake zimakwaniritsa zofunikira zanthawi zonse. Kuyesa kwamakina, kuphatikiza kulimba kwamphamvu, kulemedwa kwaumboni, ndi kuyesa kulimba, kumachitika kuti zitsimikizire kuti ma bolt amatha kupirira katundu wotchulidwa ndikukwaniritsa mphamvu ndi magwiridwe antchito. Kuyang'ana kowoneka kumachitika kuti awone zolakwika zapamtunda, kutentha koyenera - dip galvanizing coverage, ndi kusagwirizana ndi zofunikira za mawonekedwe. Kuphatikiza apo, kuyezetsa kwa kutu - kukana kutha kuchitidwa kuti kuwonetsetse kuti zokutira za HDG zikugwira ntchito. Mabawuti okhawo omwe amapambana mayeso onse abwino ndi omwe amavomerezedwa kuti azipaka ndi kugawa.
Chithandizo cha hot - dip galvanizing (HDG) pamwamba ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimathandizira kwambiri magwiridwe antchito a mabawuti awa:
Pre - chithandizo: Asanayambe kutentha - dip galvanizing, ma bolts amachitidwa bwino asanachiritsidwe. Izi zimayamba ndikuchotsa mafuta, pomwe ma bolts amatsukidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zosungunulira kapena zamchere kuti achotse mafuta aliwonse, mafuta, kapena zodetsa zamoyo padziko. Kenako, pickling ikuchitika ndi kumizidwa mabawuti mu njira asidi (nthawi zambiri hydrochloric kapena sulfuric acid) kuchotsa dzimbiri, sikelo, ndi ma depositi ena inorganic. Pambuyo pa pickling, mabawuti amatsuka bwino kuti achotse asidi otsala. Pomaliza, njira yosinthira imachitika, pomwe ma bolt amamizidwa munjira yotuluka. Flux imathandizira kuchotsa ma oxides aliwonse otsala, kuwongolera kunyowetsa kwa bolt pamwamba ndi zinc wosungunuka, ndikuletsa kukonzanso kwa okosijeni panthawi yopangira galvanizing.
Kutentha - Dip Galvanizing Njira: Maboti okonzedwa kale amamizidwa mu bafa yosungunuka ya zinki yomwe ili pafupi ndi 450 - 460 ° C. Kutentha kwakukulu kwa kusamba kwa zinki kumayambitsa chitsulo pakati pa nthaka ndi zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri. Poyamba, maatomu a zinki amafalikira mu gawo lachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, ndikupanga magawo angapo a zinki - aloyi achitsulo okhala ndi nyimbo zosiyanasiyana. Zigawo za alloy izi zimapereka kulumikizana kwabwino pakati pa zokutira zinki ndi chitsulo choyambira. Pambuyo pake, wosanjikiza wakunja wokhuthala wa zinki woyera amayikidwa pamwamba pa aloyi zigawo. Makulidwe a zokutira zomata amatha kukhala kuchokera ku 80 - 120 ma microns, kutengera kukula ndi mtundu wa ma bolts, komanso zofunikira pamiyezo ya ASTM ndikugwiritsa ntchito.
Post - chithandizo: Pambuyo kutentha - dip galvanizing, mabawuti amatha kupitilira njira zochizira. Chinthu chimodzi chodziwika bwino - chithandizo ndi passivation, kumene ma bolts amathandizidwa ndi mankhwala (monga chromate - based or non-chromate - based solutions) kuti apange wosanjikiza woonda, woteteza oxide pamwamba pa zokutira zinki. Chithandizo cha passivation ichi chimapangitsanso kukana kwa dzimbiri kwa zokutira zamalata, kumapangitsa mawonekedwe ake, komanso kumapereka chitetezo ku mapangidwe oyera. Kuonjezera apo, ma bolts amatha kuyang'aniridwa ngati ali ndi vuto lililonse pamtunda, ndipo nthawi zina, amatha kuchitidwa ndi makina monga kuswa kapena kuwombera - kuphulika kuti achotse zinki kapena kusalaza pamwamba.
ASTM A325/A325M HDG zosapanga dzimbiri - zitsulo zodzaza / theka - zingwe zolemera za hexagon zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pomanga ndi mafakitale osiyanasiyana:
Ntchito Zomangamanga: M'ntchito zomanga zazikulu, mabawutiwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikiza matabwa achitsulo, mizati, ndi ma trusses, kupanga chimango chanyumba. Mphamvu zawo zapamwamba komanso kukana kwa dzimbiri, zomwe zimalimbikitsidwa ndi chithandizo cha HDG, zimatsimikizira kukhazikika kwa nthawi yayitali komanso kukhulupirika kwa nyumbayo, kaya ndi nyumba yazamalonda, nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zamafakitale, kapena kukwera kwanyumba. Mapangidwe a ulusi wathunthu / theka amalola kukhazikika kosinthika komanso kotetezeka pamalumikizidwe osiyanasiyana amapangidwe, kukwaniritsa zofunikira zosiyanasiyana pakumanga ndi kumanga.
Kumanga Mlatho: Milatho imakumana ndi zovuta zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe, kuphatikiza chinyezi, kugwedezeka kwa magalimoto, ndi zinthu zowononga. Maboti omangikawa ndi ofunikira polumikiza zida za mlatho, monga zomangira, ma pier, ndi zomangira. Mapangidwe ogwirizana ndi ASTM ndi zokutira zolimba za HDG zimathandiza ma bolts kupirira katundu wolemetsa, kugwedezeka, ndi dzimbiri, kuwonetsetsa chitetezo ndi kulimba kwa zomangamanga za mlatho pa moyo wake wautumiki.
Industrial Facilities: M'mafakitale, malo oyeretsera, ndi malo opangira zinthu, mabawutiwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulumikiza makina olemera, mafelemu a zida, ndi zothandizira pamapangidwe. Mitundu yonyamula katundu wambiri imatha kupirira zolemetsa zolemetsa komanso kugwedezeka kopangidwa ndi zida zamafakitale. Zowonongeka - zosagonjetsedwa ndi zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, zophatikizidwa ndi zokutira za HDG, zimateteza ma bolts ku zowononga mafakitale, mankhwala, ndi chinyezi, kuchepetsa zofunikira zokonzekera ndikuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kulephera kwa zomangamanga m'mafakitale.
Offshore ndi Marine Structures: Kwa nsanja za m'mphepete mwa nyanja, zombo, ndi makhazikitsidwe apanyanja, komwe kumakhala madzi amchere komanso malo owopsa am'madzi am'madzi nthawi zonse, mabawuti awa ndi amtengo wapatali. Kukaniza kwapamwamba kwa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha 316, pamodzi ndi chitetezo chowonjezera choperekedwa ndi chophimba cha HDG, chimawapangitsa kukhala okhoza kulimbana ndi zowonongeka za madzi a m'nyanja, chinyezi, ndi mlengalenga. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pomangirira zigawo zingapo zam'madzi, kuwonetsetsa kudalirika ndi chitetezo chazinthu zakunyanja ndi zam'madzi.
Ntchito Zomangamanga: M'mapulojekiti a zomangamanga monga malo opangira magetsi, nsanja zotumizira magetsi, ndi malo akuluakulu oyeretsera madzi, ma bawuti opangidwa bwinowa amagwira ntchito yofunikira pakuwonetsetsa kuti nyumbazi zikuyenda bwino. Kutsatira kwawo miyezo ya ASTM A325/A325M kumatsimikizira kukhazikika komanso magwiridwe antchito, pomwe chithandizo cha HDG chimapereka chitetezo chanthawi yayitali kuzinthu zachilengedwe, zomwe zimathandizira kukhazikika komanso moyo wantchito wa zomangamanga.
Mphamvu Yapamwamba ndi Katundu - Kutha Kunyamula: Kutsatira miyezo ya ASTM A325/A325M, mabawuti awa amapereka mphamvu zambiri komanso katundu wabwino kwambiri. Amapangidwa kuti athe kupirira kulemedwa kwakukulu, kumeta ubweya, komanso kutopa, kuwapangitsa kukhala oyenera kulumikizana mozama pamapangidwe osiyanasiyana omanga ndi mafakitale. Kumanga kolimba, kuphatikizapo kusankha koyenera kwa zosapanga dzimbiri - kalasi yachitsulo ndi chithandizo cha kutentha (ngati kuli koyenera), kumatsimikizira ntchito yodalirika pansi pa katundu wolemetsa ndi zovuta kwambiri.
Superior Corrosion Resistance: Kuphatikiza kwa zinthu zosapanga dzimbiri - zitsulo zoyambira ndi zotentha - dip galvanizing zimapereka kukana kwa dzimbiri. Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimapereka kale chitetezo chabwino cha dzimbiri, ndipo zokutira za HDG zimawonjezera chitetezo ku zinthu. Izi zimapangitsa kuti mabawuti akhale oyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo ovuta, kuphatikiza madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, malo ogwiritsira ntchito panyanja, ndi malo opangira mafakitale okhala ndi chinyezi chambiri kapena kukhudzidwa ndi mankhwala, kukulitsa kwambiri moyo wawo wautumiki ndikuchepetsa mtengo wokonza.
Mapangidwe Okhazikika Ndi Odalirika: Potsatira miyezo ya ASTM A325/A325M, mabawutiwa amapereka mawonekedwe okhazikika, kuwonetsetsa kuti zimagwirizana komanso kusinthana pama projekiti ndi zigawo zosiyanasiyana. The okhwima khalidwe - kulamulira miyeso pa kupanga, malinga ndi miyezo, zimatsimikizira kusasinthasintha khalidwe ndi ntchito. Kukhazikika uku kumathandizira kapezedwe kazinthu, kukhazikitsa, ndi kukonza, kumachepetsa chiopsezo cha zolakwika, komanso kumapereka mtendere wamalingaliro kwa mainjiniya, makontrakitala, ndi eni mapulojekiti.
Zosiyanasiyana Ulusi Design: Kupezeka kwa mitundu yonse ya ulusi - ulusi ndi theka - ulusi kumapereka kusinthasintha pamagwiritsidwe osiyanasiyana. Maboti a ulusi wathunthu ndi abwino kwa ntchito pomwe mphamvu yolumikizira yofananira imafunikira kutalika konse kwa bawuti, pomwe ma bolt a ulusi atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kukhathamiritsa kugawa katundu, kuchepetsa mikangano, kapena kukwaniritsa zofunikira zapangidwe. Kusinthasintha kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti pakhale njira zomangira makonda kuti zikwaniritse zosowa zosiyanasiyana zama projekiti osiyanasiyana omanga ndi mafakitale.
Chitetezo Chokhalitsa: Njira yowotcha - dip galvanizing imapanga zokutira zolimba komanso zolimba za zinki zomwe zimamatira bwino pazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri. Kuphimba uku kumapereka chitetezo chokhalitsa ku dzimbiri, abrasion, ndi mitundu ina ya kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe. Njira zothandizira positi, monga passivation, zimapititsa patsogolo kulimba kwa zokutira, kuonetsetsa kuti mabawuti azikhala ndi magwiridwe antchito komanso mawonekedwe ake kwa nthawi yayitali, ngakhale m'malo ovuta kwambiri.
Chitetezo Chowonjezera: M'mapangidwe, kudalirika ndi magwiridwe antchito a mabawutiwa ndikofunikira pakuwonetsetsa chitetezo cha nyumba, milatho, ndi zomangamanga zina. Kulimba kwawo kwakukulu, kukana kwa dzimbiri, komanso kutsatira miyezo yokhwima ya ASTM kumathandizira kuti pakhale kukhulupirika kwadongosolo, kuchepetsa chiwopsezo cha kuwonongeka kwamapangidwe ndikuwonetsetsa chitetezo cha anthu ndi katundu.