Khoom
8.8 Theem
Cov qauv kev siv nyob rau hauv feem ntau siv feem ntau siv cov hlau uas stainless hlau ua cov khoom siv hauv paus, uas xaus rau lawv nrog cov khoom siv corrosion thiab durability.
Kev piav txog
tus cim
Khoom Siv Khoom
Cov qauv kev siv nyob rau hauv feem ntau siv feem ntau siv cov hlau uas stainless hlau ua cov khoom siv hauv paus, uas xaus rau lawv nrog cov khoom siv corrosion thiab durability. Stainless hlau cov qib kheev ua haujlwm feem ntau yog 304 thiab 316. Qib 304 qhov kev siv rau sab hauv tsev thiab muaj ntau daim ntawv thov sab nraum zoov nrog kev sib tw ib puag ncig. Qib 316 Stainless hlau, muaj cov feem ntau dua ntawm cov molybdenum, muab kev txhim kho kom zoo, thiab kev xaiv dej qab zib, tshuaj ntsuab, thiab dej hiav txwv ntug dej hiav txwv.
"HDG" hauv lub npe khoom npe hais txog kub - dip Galvanizing (HDG), kev kho HD), ib qho kev tiv thaiv ntxiv. Tom qab stainless - steel bolts yog tsim, lawv tau immersed nyob rau hauv molten zinc da dej nyob ib ncig ntawm 450 - 460 ° C. Cov Zinc reacts nrog saum npoo ntawm stainless hlau los tsim ib qho ntawm zinc - hlau alloy txheej, ua raws los ntawm cov txheej ntshiab zinc. Cov tuab tuab no thiab cov txheej txheej kub galvanized cov txheej ntxiv txhim kho cov kab xeb ntawd, muab ib qho kev tiv thaiv ntxiv rau ntawm cov khoom thiab kev pabcuam lub neej hauv ntau qhov chaw hnyav.
Qauv Khoom Qauv
Cov khoom kab ntawm ASTM A325 / A325M HDG Stainless - Hlau Puv Haum Rau Asxag Ua Raws li cov qauv Astmorized ntau yam raws li qhov loj me, xov xwm, thiab lo rau hom neeg muaj peev xwm:
Cov Qauv Teeb Cov Qauv thiab Imial Qauv: Hauv kab nrog ASTM A325 (Imperon) thiab ASSTM A325M (metric) cov qauv, cov bolts muaj nyob rau ntau qhov ntau thiab tsawg. Rau cov imperial system, diameters feem ntau yog los ntawm 1/2 "txog 1 - 1/2", thaum nyob hauv lub ntsuas kev hloov kho, lawv nyob hauv M12 rau M36. Qhov ntev ntawm cov bolts tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm 2 "(lossis 50mm) rau 12" (lossis 300mm) lossis ntau dua, nyob ntawm kev xav tau tshwj xeeb. Cov qauv qauv qauv muaj puv - xov lossis ib nrab - xov tsim. Tag nrho - xov bolts muaj xov raws li tag nrho Shank ntev, thaum ib nrab - xov yog yuav tsum tau ua kom tsis txhob sib txhuam lossis rau kev siv hluav taws xob tshwj xeeb - cov kev xav tau.
Siab - Load - Muaj peev xwm qauv: Engineered rau cov txheej txheem hnyav - lub zog - muaj peev xwm bolts yog tsim nrog loj dua lub taub hau los tuav cov tensile ntau thiab shear rog. Cov bolts no feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb sib txuas ntawm cov loj - cov vaj tse tsim, txuas hniav, thiab kev lag luam cov chaw. Lawv nruj me ntsis rau txoj hlua khi thiab kev ua tau zoo ntawm Astim 325 / A325 / A325 / ensuring txhim khu kev qha nyob rau hauv cov khoom muaj hnyav nyob rau hauv cov kev mob hnyav thiab huab.
TSHWJ XEEB - Cov Qauv Thov Cov Ntawv: Rau kev siv cov xwm txheej kev siv tshwj xeeb, tshwj xeeb - cov ntawv thov muaj. Cov no yuav suav nrog bolts nrog cov xov tshwj xeeb pitches, kev cai ntev, lossis hloov taub hau. Piv txwv li, hauv qee cov qauv txheej txheem nyuaj, bolts nrog ncua tsis yog - xov cov xov uas tau ua kom tau raws li cov sib dhos ua ke thiab cov kabmob - cov kabmob sib kis. Cov qauv tshwj xeeb no - cov qauv ntawv thov tseem ua raws li cov tub ntxhais aTTM A325 / A325 / A325 / A325M cov qauv thaum muab cov kev daws teeb meem rau cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb.
Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom
Kev tsim cov ASTM A325 / A325 / steel puv / ib nrab ntawm nruj me ntsis ua raws li cov qauv ASTM thiab kev ua tau zoo - tswj kev ntsuas:
Khoom npaj: High - Zoo - Cov Khoom Siv Ua Zoo - Hlau Raw, xws li Steel tuav los yog pas nrig, ua tib zoo los. Kev tshawb xyuas nruj me me yog nqa tawm los xyuas cov tshuaj lom neeg, cov khoom siv mechanies, thiab ua kom tau raws li cov kev cai Astm A325 / A325 / cov cim tshwj xeeb - cov cim hlau. Lub stainless - cov ntaub ntawv steel yog tom qab ntawd txiav rau hauv qhov ntev raws li cov kev xav tau loj me me ntawm cov bolts.
Kev sib sau: Bolts hlau yog feem ntau tsim los ntawm khaub thuas - heading lossis kub - Forging cov txheej txheem. Khaub thuas - Cov hau kev yog ib txwm siv rau me me - qhov me bolts. Hauv cov txheej txheem no, lub stainless - steel yog puab rau hauv cov xeeb ceem hnyav hex taub hau thiab lub ntsia liaj qhov rooj siv tuag hauv ntau theem. Cov qauv no ua tau zoo rau siab - ntim ntau lawm thiab tuaj yeem tsim cov ntawv xov xwm tseeb thiab cov ntsia liaj qhov rooj thaum tswj cov qauv ASTM kev tiv thaiv. Kub - Forging yog thov rau loj dua lossis qib siab - lub zog yog qhov yuav tsum ua kom tiav lub zog thiab qhov tseeb yog li ib tus qauv ASTM.
Thi: Tom qab tsim, cov bolts seedgo cov haujlwm. Rau tag nrho - xov bolts, xov yog tsim raws tag nrho ntev ntawm shank, thaum rau ib nrab - xov yog tsim nyob rau hauv feem. Xov yob yog cov qauv uas nyiam dua li nws tsim cov xov muaj zog los ntawm txias - ua haujlwm cov hlau, txhim kho lub cev qaug zog ntawm cov bolts. Cov lus tshwj xeeb yog siv los xyuas kom meej tias cov xov xov, profile, thiab qhov pom tseeb, lav tau compatibility nrog kev sib raug zoo nrog cov txiv ntoo sib raug thiab cov xov.
Kev kho cua sov (yog tias yuav tsum tau): Hauv qee kis, nyob ntawm cov khoom lag luam tshwj xeeb - cov qauv qib hlau thiab daim ntawv thov yuav tsum tau ua, cov Bolts tej zaum yuav dhau los ua cua sov - kev kho mob. Kev kho cua sov tuaj yeem kho cov cuab yeej siv tshuab ntawm cov hlau stainless, zoo li kev ua kom muaj zog, kom tau kev siv cov qauv ntawm cov qauv hauv Astm.
Kub - DIP Galvanizing: Cov khoom siv tau ua tiav kom huv si kom tshem tawm cov kev paug, roj, lossis ntsuas. Tom qab ntawd, lawv fluxed fluxed los xyuas kom muaj kev tiv thaiv kom raug los ntawm Molten zinc. Tom qab ntawd, cov bolts raug raus rau hauv cov ntaub da dej Molten Dam da dej ntawm kwv yees li 450 - 460 ° C rau ib lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb. Thaum lub sijhawm cov txheej txheem no, cov zinc diffuses rau saum npoo ntawm stainless hlau, sib sau ua ib qho ntawm zinc - hlau alsoy txheej thiab ib txheej tuab sab nraud ntawm cov ntshiab zinc. Thaum muab tso tawm hauv da dej, cov bolts tau tso cai rau txias, thiab muaj cov zinc ntau dhau yog tshem tawm. Qhov kub no - dip galvanizing txheej txheem muab lub zog thiab ntev - kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv ntev.
Kev Soj Ntsuam Zoo: Txhua pob ntawm Bolts yog yuav ua rau kev soj ntsuam nruj raws li Astm A325 / A325M cov qauv. Cov tshev tas mus los yog ua kom ntseeg tau tias lub ntsia liaj qhov rooj, ntev, lub taub hau loj, thiab tuab ua kom tau raws li cov qauv ua kom meej. Kev ntsuam xyuas txhua yam, suav nrog lub zog tensile, pov thawj thauj, thiab kev ntsuam xyuas nyuaj, tau ua kom pom tseeb tias cov khoom ntim thiab ua kom tau raws li lub zog thiab kev ua tau zoo. Kev kuaj pom kev kuaj pom yog nqa tawm kom kuaj xyuas qhov tsis xws luag Tsis tas li ntawd, kev ntsuam xyuas corrosion - kev ntsuam xyuas kuj yuav ua kom ntseeg tau tias qhov ua tau zoo ntawm HDG txheej. Tsuas yog bolts uas dhau txhua qhov kev ntsuas tau raug pom zoo rau kev ntim khoom thiab xa tawm.
Cov txheej txheem kev kho deg deg
Qhov kub - dip galvanizing (HDG) kev kho deg yog qhov tseem ceeb uas txhim kho cov txheej txheem ntawm cov kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov qauv hauv Bolts:
Ua Ntej - Kho: Ua ntej kub - dip Galvanizing, cov Bolts yauv ua ntej ua ntej - txheej txheem kev kho. Qhov no pib nrog degreasing, qhov twg cov bolts Tom qab ntawd, pickling yog nqa tawm los ntawm immersing cov bolts hauv kev daws cov kua qaub (feem ntau cov kua qaub) kom tshem tawm cov xeb, nplai, thiab lwm yam kev tso nyiaj tsis muaj xeb. Tom qab pickling, lub bolts tau rinsed kom huv si kom tshem tawm cov residual acid. Thaum kawg, cov txheej txheem flux tau ua, qhov twg cov bolts yog dipped hauv flux daws. Lub flux pab tshem tawm ib qho seem oxides, txhim kho lub ntub dej ntawm cov ntsia liaj qhov rooj ntawm molten zinc, thiab tiv thaiv kev siv Oxidation thaum lub galvanizing txheej txheem.
Kub - DIP Galvanizing txheej txheem: Cov polts ua ntej - ua rau immersed nyob rau hauv molren zinc da dej ntawm ib ncig 450 - 460 ° C. Lub siab kub ntawm cov da dej zinc ua rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv metallurgical nruab nrab ntawm zinc thiab stainless - hlau nto. Pib, Zinc Atoms diffuse rau hauv lub stainless - steel substrate, kev sib sau ua yeeb yam ntawm zinc - hlau alloy txheej nrog cov sib txawv. Cov txheej txheem alloy muab cov nplaum zoo tshaj ntawm cov txheej txheej zinc ntawm zinc txheej thiab cov hlau hauv paus. Tom qab, ib txheej txheej sab nraud ntawm cov ntshiab zinc tau muab tso rau saum toj ntawm alloy txheej. Lub thickness ntawm cov galvanized txheej tuaj yeem feem ntau los ntawm 80 - 120 microns, raws li cov kev cai tshwj xeeb ntawm ASTM cov qauv thiab daim ntawv thov.
Tshaj Tawm - Kev Kho Mob: Tom qab kub - dip galvanizing, cov bolts tej zaum yuav dhau mus tom qab kev kho mob - cov txheej txheem kho mob. Ib qho POSS - Kev kho yog passivation, uas yog chromate kev daws teeb meem (raws li kev daws teeb meem - raws li kev daws teeb meem - txheej txheem oxide ntawm cov dos zinc. Qhov kev kho passivation passivation ntxiv mus txhim kho kev corrosion tsis kam ntawm Galvanized txheej, txhim kho nws cov tsos, thiab muab qee qhov kev tiv thaiv dawb xeb tsim. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov Bolts tuaj yeem tshawb xyuas rau txhua qhov chaw tsis xwm yeem, thiab qee kis, lawv yuav raug txhaj tshuaj los yog txhaj tshuaj txhuam hniav kom tshem tawm ib qho zinc ntau dhau los kom du nto.
Daim ntawv thov tau
ASTM A325 / A325M HDG Stainless - Hlau Puv / Ib nrab - Tshooj
Kev tsim kho lub tsev: Hauv qhov loj - nplai cov dej num, cov bolts yog siv rau txuas steel kab, kab, thiab trusses, tsim lub moj khaum. Lawv lub zog siab thiab zoo heev corrosion tsis kam, txhim kho los ntawm kev kho HD, kom muaj kev ncaj ncees, cov khoom lag luam kev lag luam, lossis ib lub nroog siab - nce. Qhov puv / ib nrab - xov tsim tawm tso cai rau yoog raws thiab fastening fastening hauv cov qauv sib txawv, sib ntsib ntawm cov kev xav tau ntawm kev tsim tsim qauv thiab kev tsim kho.
Choj Siv: Bridges raug rau ntau yam kev mob siab rau kev ua haujlwm, suav nrog kev ya raws, tsheb khiav tawm, thiab cov tshuaj corrosive. Cov qauv hauv bolts yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txuas choj cov khoom sib xyaw, xws li girders, piers, thiab decking. Lub ASTM - tsim qauv zoo thiab lub zog HDg muaj zog ua rau cov laub hnyav, thiab xeb, kom muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab ruaj khov ntawm tus choj lub neej.
Cov Chaw Muaj Cov Vaj Tse: Hauv cov nroj tsuag muaj kev siv, kho cov chaw tsim khoom, cov chaw tsim khoom lag luam siv rau sib dhos cov tshuab, cov cuab yeej siv cov qauv kev txhawb nqa. Lub siab - Load - Cov qauv muaj peev xwm tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cov khoom siv hnyav thiab kev co los ntawm cov cuab yeej siv khoom. Kev tiv thaiv corrosion - resistant cov khoom ntawm stainless hlau, ua ke nrog lub polling, tiv thaiv cov kev pheej hmoo thiab noo noo kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov kev ua tsis tsaug zog hauv kev lag luam.
Offshore thiab marine qauv: Rau ntug dej hiav txwv, cov nkoj, thiab cov nkoj ua si, qhov twg raug rau Sillwater thiab chaw ua dej hiav txwv yog tas li, cov bolts muaj txiaj ntsig. Lub tshuab hluav taws xob zoo tshaj plaws ntawm 316 stainless hlau, nrog rau kev tiv thaiv ntxiv los ntawm kev tiv thaiv HDable, ua rau lawv muaj peev xwm ntawm dej hiav txwv, cov av noo, thiab lub nkoj cua. Lawv tau siv rau kev nrawm nrawm, ua kom muaj kev ntseeg siab thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm ntug dej thiab cov tub rog.
Cov phiaj xwm kev ua haujlwm: Hauv kev tsim kho infrastructure xws li hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, hloov cov chaw siv hluav taws xob, thiab loj - cov paib lim dej no ua rau muaj kev ruaj ntseg thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov qauv. Lawv ua raws li Astm A325 / A325 / A325 / A325 / A325 / AG325 / Kev Kho Mob HDG, thaum lub neej tag nrho thiab kev pabcuam lub neej ntawm cov vaj tse.
Cov khoom lag luam zoo
Siab zog thiab thauj khoom - Cov kabmob muaj peev xwm: Ua raws li ASTM A325 / A325 / A325 / cov qauv no muaj lub zog siab thiab cov khoom muaj peev xwm zoo tshaj plaws - kev coj tau kev coj zoo. Lawv tsim los tiv thaiv lub ntsej muag tseem ceeb, shear, thiab qaug zog loads, ua rau lawv muaj kev haum rau cov qauv kev sib cav hauv ntau qhov kev tsim kho thiab kev siv khoom lag luam. Kev tsim kho lub cev, ua ke nrog kev xaiv tsim nyog ntawm stainless - qib hlau thiab kev kho cua sov (yog ua kom muaj kev txhim khu kev qha nyob rau hauv cov khoom hnyav thiab cov xwm txheej hnyav.
Zoo tshaj corrosion Kuj: Kev sib xyaw ntawm stainless - steel puag thiab kub - dip galvanizing muab cov corrosion zoo dua. Stainless hlau twb muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv corrosion, thiab HDG txheej ntxiv ntxiv cov txheej ntxiv ntawm kev tiv thaiv cov ntsiab lus. Qhov no ua rau cov bolts tsim nyog rau kev siv nyob rau hauv cov chaw hnyav, suav nrog cov av noo, thiab kev sib tw nrog cov tshuaj ntug dej hiav txwv, txuas ntxiv rau lawv cov kev pabcuam lub neej thiab txo cov nqi kho mob.
Qauv txheem thiab txhim khu kev qha tsim: Ua raws li cov ASTM A325 / A325 / A325 / cov qauv no muaj cov qauv tsim qauv, kom pom kev sib txawv, ua kom pom kev sib txawv thiab sib hloov pauv ntawm cov haujlwm sib txawv thiab cov cheeb tsam. Kev tswj kom nruj - tswj kev tswj hwm thaum tsim khoom, raws li yuav tsum tau los ntawm cov qauv, lav zoo zoo thiab kev ua tau zoo. Qhov kev ua haujlwm yooj yim sim ua cov kev ua tiav, kev teeb tsa, thiab kev thaj yeeb ntawm lub siab rau cov engineers, cov neeg ua haujlwm, thiab cov tswv cuab.
Ntau Yam Tsim: Muaj kev muaj ntawm tag nrho - xov thiab ib nrab - xov cov kev xaiv muab versatility hauv cov ntawv thov sib txawv. Tag nrho - xov bolts yog qhov zoo tagnrho rau cov ntawv thov uas yuav tsum tau siv los ua kom tiav rau kev ua kom muaj kev sib txhuam, txo kev sib txhuam, lossis ua raws li cov qauv tsim qauv. Qhov kev sib xyaw no tso cai rau cov kev daws fastening fastening kom tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm ntau yam kev tsim kho thiab kev tsim khoom.
Ntev - kev tiv thaiv kav ntev: Qhov kub - dip galvanizing cov txheej txheem tsim ib qho tuab thiab ruaj zinc txheej uas adheres zoo rau lub stainless - hlau nto. Cov txheej no muab ntev - kav tiv thaiv kev xeb, puas tsuaj, thiab lwm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib puag ncig ib puag ncig. Cov post - cov txheej txheem kho mob, xws li passivation, ntxiv txhim kho kom lub bolts tswj lawv txoj kev ua tau zoo thiab kev ua tau zoo nyob ib puag ncig uas nyuaj tshaj plaws.
Txhim kho kev nyab xeeb: Hauv cov ntawv thov txheej txheem, kev ntseeg tau thiab ua haujlwm ntawm cov bolts yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov tsev, txuas hniav, thiab lwm yam khoom siv. Lawv lub zog siab, corrosion tsis kam, thiab ua raws li cov qauv ua kom zoo nkauj, txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov neeg thiab cov cuab yeej.
Tiv Tauj Peb
Muaj feem xyuam cov khoom nrov
Lub zog loj flange sab nraud hexagon
Cov hlau dub carbon hlau hexagonal flange din6921 chav kawm 10.9 Hex Flange Bolts yog cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb ntxiv kom ua tiav qhov 10.9 - cov kev yuav tsum muaj zog.
Tsev ntaub
Cov ntawv txuas ncaj yog cov khoom siv sib txawv ntawm cov khoom siv sib txawv, txhua tus raug xaiv kom tau raws li cov kev xav tau tshwj xeeb. Cov hlau me me yog cov khoom siv feem ntau siv rau cov ntaub ntawv dav dav - lub hom phiaj kev siv.
Tsheb Kho Phab Ntsa Thauj Tog Rau Nkoj
Npoo thauj tog rau nkoj feem ntau ua raws li cov ntaub ntawv zoo - cov ntaub ntawv zoo los lees paub ua haujlwm zoo thiab kav ntev.
Square txiv ntseej
Square txiv ntseej yog feem ntau tsim los ntawm ntau cov ntaub ntawv siab - cov ntaub ntawv zoo, txhua tus raug xaiv kom tau raws li cov kev xav tau tshwj xeeb.
Daim Card Lub Taub Hau
Forged Hlau Hlua Clamps yog feem ntau ua tau los ntawm High - lub zog ntaub ntawv los xyuas kom muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab kev ntseeg tau yooj yim ntawm cov hlua xaim hlau. Cov hlau roj carbon steel yog cov khoom siv uas siv tau, tshwj xeeb hauv qib nyiam 45 # lossis 65mn.
Hexagonal Flange Ob Npaug Hniav Txhuam Hniav laum Xov
Decking screws yog crafted los ntawm ntau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, txhua tus neeg xaiv kom tau raws li cov kev cai tshwj xeeb ntawm kev sau decking decking sab nraum zoov.
Compound Pad Laum Xov
Hex taub hau selding tus kheej - drilling vov screws nrog cov khoom siv khov kho kom ntseeg tau tias desility thiab txhim khu kev qha nyob rau hauv cov ntawv tais tais.
Carriage Bolt
Kub Dip Galvanized HDg Dacromet Geomet Mushrite Hlau Square Carriage Carriage Bolts Zoo li 4.8, 8.8, thiab 10.9.
OUTTER Hexagon Flange Tiab Khaub Ncaws
Geomet Flange Bolts feem ntau yog cov ntaub ntawv zoo los ntawm cov khoom siv zoo - cov khoom siv zoo, ua tib zoo xaiv kom sib npaug lub zog, durability, thiab corrosion tsis kam. Cov pa roj carbon hlau yog cov siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntau, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau qib xws li 4.8, 8.8, thiab 10.9.
Pem Teb Expansion
Of elevator nthuav dav Bolts yog xuas tes ua los ntawm tus hwm - cov ntaub ntawv qib los xyuas kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntau, kev ntseeg tau, thiab kev txom nyem hauv siab - cov kev nyuaj siab ntawm ib puag ncig.
Loj Tiaj Tus Ntoo Hla Laum
Dacromet pancake taub hau tus kheej - drilling cov ntsia hlau yog xuas tes ua los ntawm ntau yam khoom siv siab, ua tib zoo xaiv kom tau txais kev thov sib txawv. Carbon Steel yog ib txwm ua haujlwm cov khoom siv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau qib xws li 45 # thiab 65mn.
Muag
Lub txiv ntoo muag feem ntau yog cov ntaub ntawv siab - lub zog cov ntaub ntawv los xyuas kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev ua tau zoo hauv qab cov khoom tseem ceeb.
4.8 Theem
GB5783 Xiav Zinc Plated Carbon Steel Tag Nrho Cov Xov Ntaus Hex raws li cov khoom siv hauv paus, feem ntau nyob rau qib xws li 4.8, 8.8, thiab 10.9.
Lub Tsheb Xiav Thiab Dawb Kho Phab Ntsa Thauj Tog Rau Nkoj
Xiav Dawb Npoo Thauj Anchors yog feem ntau tsim los ntawm cov hlau roj av, uas yog cua sov - kho kom zoo dua nws cov cuab yeej siv tshuab, suav nrog lub zog ua kom muaj zog thiab tawv.
Flange nrog 6 Sab Nraud Bolts
DIN6921 Hex Lub taub hau Flange zinc plating, tag nrho cov hniav, thiab GB5787 tus qauv, ua raws li cov qauv hluav taws xob siab rau hauv qib 8.8, 10.9, thiab 12.9.
Yus tus kheej txiav
Torx tsav lub qhov rais ncej pob zeb ua cov screws yog feem ntau cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm kev ntseeg siab - ntev - kav nrawm rau hauv cov pob zeb thiab lwm yam masonry cov ntaub ntawv.
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