
Hoʻokumu pinepine ʻia nā ʻāpana ʻelua mai nā ʻano mea kiʻekiʻe - maikaʻi loa, i koho ʻia e pili ana i nā koi o ka noi no ka ikaika, ka lōʻihi, a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion. ʻO ke kila kalapona kekahi o nā mea maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia, ʻoi aku ka nui ma nā māka e like me 4.8, 8.8, a me 10.9.
Hana ʻia nā stud hope ʻelua mai nā ʻano mea kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, i koho ʻia ma muli o nā koi o ka noi no ka ikaika, ka lōʻihi, a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion. ʻO ke kila kalapona kekahi o nā mea maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia, ʻoi aku ka nui ma nā māka e like me 4.8, 8.8, a me 10.9. Hāʻawi ke kila kalapona haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa 4.8 i ka ikaika maʻamau a kūpono i nā noi kumu maʻamau kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. ʻO nā kila kalapona kiʻekiʻe, e like me 8.8 a me 10.9, hiki ke wela - mālama ʻia e hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ko lākou ikaika tensile, paʻakikī, a paʻakikī. ʻO kēia ka mea e hiki ai iā lākou ke pale aku i nā ukana ʻoi aku ka nui a me nā koʻikoʻi ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka mīkini, e hoʻolilo iā lākou i mea kūpono no nā ʻoihana ʻenehana a me nā hana kūkulu kahi e pono ai ka hoʻopaʻa paʻa. No ka pale ʻana i nā pahu kila kalapona mai ka ʻinoʻino, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā hana lapaʻau e like me ka zinc plating, ka uhi ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele, a i ʻole ka wela wela.
ʻO ke kila kila kekahi mea koʻikoʻi, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā māka 304 a me 316. ʻO 304 ke kila kila maikaʻi maikaʻi i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion maʻamau, kūpono ia no nā noi o loko a me waho me ka ʻike kūlohelohe. 316 kila kila, me kona mau molybdenum kiʻekiʻe, hāʻawi i ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe i nā kemika paʻakikī, ka wai paʻakai, a me nā kūlana koʻikoʻi. ʻO ka hopena, ʻo ia ka mea i koho maikaʻi ʻia no nā ʻoihana kai, kemika, a me nā meaʻai - hana ʻoihana, a me nā papahana waho ma nā wahi kahakai a i ʻole nā kaiapuni kiʻekiʻe.
I kekahi mau noi kūikawā, hoʻohana ʻia ke kila kila. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke kila kila, i loaʻa nā mea e like me chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, a me nickel, i ka wela - mālama ʻia i mea e loaʻa ai nā waiwai mechanical koʻikoʻi. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā studs alloy i nā noi koʻikoʻi kiʻekiʻe, e like me nā ʻenekini kaʻa, nā ʻāpana aerospace, a me nā mīkini hana kaumaha, kahi e koʻikoʻi ai ka ikaika a me ke kūpaʻa luhi.
ʻO ka laina huahana o nā papa hope ʻelua he mau hiʻohiʻona like ʻole i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka nui, ka lōʻihi, ke ʻano o ke kaula, ka pae waiwai, a me ka mālama ʻana:
Nā Kūʻai Kūʻē ʻAlua Maʻamau: Loaʻa nā studs maʻamau i kahi ākea o ka nui metric a me ka imperial. Mai ka M6 a i ka M36 ka nui metric, aʻo ka nui o ka imperial e uhi ana mai ka 1/4" a hiki i ka 1 - 1/2". Hōʻike ʻia kēia mau studs i kahi pitch thread maʻamau a kūpono i nā hana hoʻopaʻa maʻamau i ka hui mīkini, hoʻokomo ʻana i nā mea hana, a me ke kūkulu hale. Loaʻa i nā studs maʻamau nā kaula ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ka lōʻihi like, e hāʻawi ana i kahi hopena paʻa pono a hilinaʻi.
Kiʻekiʻe - Ka Ikaika Palua Hopena Studs: Hana ʻia no nā hana kaumaha, hana ʻia nā studs kiʻekiʻe mai nā mea kiʻekiʻe aʻe, i hoʻohui pinepine ʻia a i ʻole ke kila kalapona ikaika kiʻekiʻe me nā māka e like me 12.9. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā anawaena a me ka lōʻihi o kēia mau studs no ka mālama ʻana i ka ikaika tensile a me ka shear. He mea koʻikoʻi lākou i nā ʻoihana ʻenehana no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā mīkini koʻikoʻi, nā ʻāpana hana nui, a me nā mea hana e hana ana ma lalo o nā haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe a me nā haʻalulu. Loaʻa paha i nā studs ikaika kiʻekiʻe nā hoʻolālā milo kūikawā a i ʻole nā mea lapaʻau e hoʻomaikaʻi i kā lākou hana.
Kūikawā - Hōʻikeʻike Kūʻai Kūʻai ʻelua:
Maikaʻi - Ula ʻAlua Hoʻopaʻa Kūʻai: Me kahi pae milo liʻiliʻi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā studs maʻamau, hāʻawi nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi i ka hoʻoponopono pololei a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka pale ʻana i ka wehe ʻana. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia lākou i nā noi e koi ana i ka hoʻoponopono maikaʻi ʻana, e like me ka mīkini kikoʻī, nā lako optical, a me ka hui uila uila kiʻekiʻe, kahi e pono ai kahi hoʻopaʻa paʻa a pololei.
ʻAʻole like - Nā Kūʻai Paʻa ʻAlua Loaʻa: He mau loina okoa ka loa o keia mau wili ma kela me keia welau. He mea pono kēia hoʻolālā i nā noi kahi e pono ai ke hoʻokomo ʻia kekahi ʻaoʻao i loko o kahi lua i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no kahi pilina paʻa, aʻo ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe e hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻopili ʻana i kahi nut a holoi paha. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā studs lōʻihi like ʻole i nā hiʻohiʻona hui paʻakikī kahi i loaʻa ai nā palena ākea a i ʻole nā koi hoʻopaʻa kikoʻī.
Nā Kūʻai Kūʻē ʻAi ʻAi ʻAi ʻAi ʻAi: Ma waho aʻe o ka hana ʻia ʻana mai ka corrosion - nā mea pale e like me ke kila kila, hiki i kēia mau studs ke hana hou i nā lāʻau anti-corrosion, e like me Dacromet a i ʻole Geomet coating. Hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia lākou no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kaiapuni paʻakikī, e like me nā wahi kahakai, nā ʻāpana ʻoihana me ka pollution kiʻekiʻe, a i ʻole nā noi waho i ʻike ʻia i ka wai a me nā kemika, e hōʻoia ana i ka hilinaʻi lōʻihi a me ka paʻa.
ʻO ka hana ʻana i nā stud hope ʻelua e pili ana i nā ʻanuʻu kikoʻī he nui a me nā ana hoʻomalu maikaʻi loa:
Hoʻomākaukau Mea: Loaʻa nā mea waiwai kiʻekiʻe, e like me nā pahu kila a i ʻole nā lāʻau. Nānā ʻia nā mea waiwai no ka haku mele ʻana, nā waiwai mechanical, a me ka maikaʻi o ka ʻili e hōʻoia i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā kūlana hana. A laila ʻoki ʻia nā mea metala i nā lōʻihi kūpono e like me nā koi nui o ka stud.
Heluhelu: He hana koʻikoʻi ka pae ʻana i ka hana stud. Hoʻohana ʻia nā mīkini wiliwili kūikawā a i ʻole nā mīkini ʻōwili e hana i nā kaula ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ka stud. ʻO ka ʻōwili kaula ke ʻano i makemake ʻia e like me ka hana ʻana i ke kaula ikaika ma ke anuanu - e hana ana i ka metala, e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūpaʻa luhi o ka stud. Pono ke kaʻina hana wili i ka mālama pono e hōʻoia i ka pololei o ka pitch pitch, profile thread, a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā nati a i ʻole nā lua paʻi. No nā studs me nā koi kikoʻī kikoʻī, e like me ke thread fine - thread a i ʻole nā ʻano milo kūikawā, hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ka mīkini kikoʻī hou aku.
Lapaʻau wela (no nā mea ikaika kiʻekiʻe): Hiki ke hana i nā kaʻina hana hoʻōla wela e like me ka annealing, quenching, a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i nā pahu i hana ʻia mai nā mea ikaika kiʻekiʻe e like me ke kila kila a i ʻole ke kila kalapona kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻonui kēia mau kaʻina hana i nā waiwai mechanical o nā studs, hoʻonui i ko lākou ikaika, paʻakikī, a paʻakikī e hoʻokō i nā koi noi kikoʻī.
Hoʻopau Lapaʻau: Ma muli o ka noi, hiki ke hoʻomaʻamaʻa hou nā hopena o nā studs. No ka laʻana, hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā wēlau i mea e maʻalahi ai ka hoʻokomo ʻana i loko o nā nati a i ʻole nā lua paʻi. I kekahi mau hihia, hiki ke hoʻopalahalaha a hoʻololi ʻia nā wēlau no ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā ʻano hoʻopaʻa kikoʻī a i ʻole e hāʻawi i kahi ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no nā mea holoi a i ʻole nati.
Lapaʻau ʻili: No ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka corrosion, ke ʻano, a me nā waiwai hana, hiki i nā stud metala ke hana i nā ʻano hana lapaʻau like ʻole. Hoʻopaʻa ʻo Zinc plating i kahi ʻāpana lahilahi o ka zinc ma ka ʻili o ka stud, e hāʻawi ana i ka pale ʻino kumu. Hāʻawi ʻo Hot - dip galvanizing i kahi uhi zinc ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi, kūpono no nā noi kaiapuni waho a me ka paʻakikī. Hoʻokumu ka uhi ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele i kahi ʻāpana lahilahi, ʻeleʻele, ʻeleʻele - kūpaʻa ma o ka hopena kemika, e hāʻawi pū ana i nā studs i kahi hiʻohiʻona nani. Hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā studs stainless steel no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ko lākou kūpaʻa ʻino maoli.
Nānā maikaʻi: Ua nānā pono ʻia kēlā me kēia pūʻulu o nā ʻāpana hope ʻelua. Hana ʻia ka nānā ʻana no ka hōʻoia ʻana i ke anawaena o ka stud, ka lōʻihi, nā kikoʻī o ka milo, a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka mālama ʻana i nā kūlana. Hana ʻia nā hoʻāʻo mīkini, e like me ka ikaika tensile, paʻakikī, a me nā hoʻāʻo torque, e hōʻoia i ka hiki ke amo a me ka lōʻihi o nā studs. Hana ʻia nā nānā ʻike maka no ka nānā ʻana i nā hemahema o ka ʻili, nā māwae, a i ʻole nā ʻano pae kūpono ʻole. ʻO nā stud wale nō i hala i nā hoʻāʻo maikaʻi a pau i ʻae ʻia no ka hoʻopili ʻana a me ka hāʻawi ʻana.
ʻO ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka ʻili o nā stud hope ʻelua he mea nui no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i kā lākou hana a hoʻonui i ko lākou ola lawelawe:
Hoʻopili Zinc: ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe Zinc kahi lapaʻau i hoʻohana nui ʻia no nā studs kila kalapona. Hoʻopili ia i ka electroplating i kahi ʻāpana lahilahi o ka zinc ma luna o ka ʻili stud. Ke hana nei kēia ʻāpana zinc ma ke ʻano he pale ʻālana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka corroding no ka pale ʻana i ke kila o lalo. Hāʻawi ka Zinc plating i ka pale corrosion maʻamau a kūpono no nā noi waho a me ka liʻiliʻi - corrosive waho. Hāʻawi ia i nā studs i kahi hiʻohiʻona metala.
Wela - Dip Galvanizing: Ma ke kaʻina hana galvanizing wela, hoʻomaʻemaʻe mua ʻia nā studs a ʻohi ʻia e wehe i nā mea haumia. A laila, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia lākou a hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o kahi ʻauʻau zinc hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma kahi o 450 - 460°C. Hoʻopili ka zinc me ka hao i loko o ke kila e hana i kahi pūʻulu o nā ʻāpana zinc - hao, a ukali ʻia e kahi papa waho zinc maʻemaʻe. ʻO ka hopena o ka pale galvanized mānoanoa a paʻa loa e hāʻawi i ke kūpaʻa corrosion maikaʻi loa, e kūpono ana nā studs no ka hoʻohana ʻana i waho no ka wā lōʻihi a me nā wahi paʻakikī, e like me nā wahi ʻoihana a i ʻole nā wahi kahakai.
ʻAi ʻEleʻele: He kaʻina hana kemika ka uhi ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele e hana ana i kahi ʻāpana lahilahi, ʻeleʻele, ʻeleʻele a kū i ka ʻino ma ka ʻili o nā pahu kila kalapona. ʻAʻole hāʻawi wale kēia uhi i kahi pae o ka pale corrosion akā hāʻawi pū kekahi i nā studs i kahi ʻano like ʻole, ʻeleʻele matte, i makemake pinepine ʻia i nā noi kahi e koi ʻia ai nā aesthetics a me ke kūpaʻa corrosion maʻalahi. ʻOi aku ka lahilahi o ka ʻeleʻele oxide a koi aku paha i nā kapa topcoat hou aʻe no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka pale corrosion ma nā wahi ʻoi aku ka koʻikoʻi.
Kūleʻa Kūleʻa: No ke kila kila, hoʻokō 'ia ka mālama passivation. Hoʻokomo ʻia kēia i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻana o nā studs i loko o kahi hoʻoheheʻe waika e wehe i nā mea haumia o ka ʻili, nā mea hao, a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka papa ʻokikene passive kūlohelohe ma ka ʻili kila. Hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo Passivation i ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ke kila kila, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā kaiapuni kahi i loaʻa ai nā ion chloride a i ʻole nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe, e hōʻoia ana i ka hilinaʻi lōʻihi o nā studs.
Hoʻopiʻi kūikawā: I kekahi mau hihia, hiki ke loaʻa i nā studs nā uhi kūikawā. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā uhi Teflon e hōʻemi i ka friction i ka wā o ka hoʻokomo ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana, e maʻalahi ai ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana a me ka wehe ʻana i nā nati ma nā studs. ʻO nā pale anti-seize ke pale aku i ka hopu ʻana o nā studs ma muli o ka oxidation a i ʻole ka ʻike wela kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ia ka mea nui i nā noi kahi e pono ai e wehe a hoʻokomo pinepine ʻia nā studs. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā pale anti-abrasion no ka pale ʻana i ka ʻili o ka stud mai nā ʻōpala a me ka ʻaʻahu ʻana, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā kaiapuni kiʻekiʻe.
Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā stud hope ʻelua ma nā ʻoihana a me nā noi:
Mekini a me na lako hana: I ka hana ʻana i nā mīkini, he mea nui nā ʻāpana hope ʻelua no ka hui ʻana i nā ʻāpana like ʻole. Hoʻohana mau ʻia lākou no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā poloka ʻenekini, nā poʻo cylinder, nā pahu pahu, a me nā ʻāpana kaumaha ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka hiki ke hāʻawi i kahi paʻa paʻa paʻa a hilinaʻi, ʻoiai ma lalo o nā haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe a me nā haʻalulu, he mea nui ia i kēia ʻoihana.
Kūkulu a me ka ʻenekinia hana: Ma ke kūkulu ʻana a me ka ʻenekinia hoʻolālā, hoʻohana ʻia nā stud hope ʻelua no ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea hana, e like me nā kaola kila, nā kolamu, a me nā papa. Hoʻohana pū ʻia lākou i ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā mea ʻenehana precast, e hāʻawi ana i kahi pilina ikaika a paʻa. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā studs kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe i nā ʻano hana koʻikoʻi e hōʻoia i ka paʻa a me ka pololei o nā hale a me nā alahaka.
ʻOihana ʻOihana Kaʻa a me Aerospace: I loko o ka ʻoihana kaʻa, hoʻohana ʻia nā stud hope ʻelua i ka hui ʻenekini, kūkulu chassis, a me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻomaha. Hiki iā lākou ke pale i nā haʻalulu a me nā koʻikoʻi i ʻike ʻia i ka wā o ka hana kaʻa. Ma ka ʻāpana aerospace, kahi e koi ʻia ai nā kūlana koʻikoʻi a me ka hana ʻana, hoʻohana ʻia nā stud hope pālua no ka hui ʻana i nā ʻāpana mokulele. ʻO kā lākou hana pololei a me nā waiwai ikaika kiʻekiʻe he mea koʻikoʻi no ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka palekana a me ka hana o ka mokulele.
Hoʻopili Pipe a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ke kiwi: I loko o nā ʻoihana paipu a me nā paipu, hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻāpana hope ʻelua no ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā flanges i nā ʻōnaehana paipu. Hāʻawi lākou i kahi sila paʻa ma waena o nā ʻāpana paipu a me nā valve, e hōʻoia ana i ka pono o nā ʻōnaehana lawe wai. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā studs anti-corrosion double end i nā mea kanu hoʻoponopono kemika a me nā noi kai e pale aku i ka leak a mālama i ka hilinaʻi o ka ʻōnaehana paipu.
Lako Uila a Uila: I loko o nā ʻoihana uila a me nā mea uila, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā stud hope ʻelua no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā pā uila, nā panela, a me nā ʻāpana. ʻO nā studs hope pālua maikaʻi he kūpono no ka hui uila, no ka mea e ʻae lākou i ka hoʻopaʻa pololei ʻana me ka ʻole e hōʻino i nā ʻāpana palupalu.
Paʻa Paʻa a hilinaʻi: Hāʻawi nā ʻāpana hope ʻelua i kahi hopena paʻa paʻa a hilinaʻi. Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā nati ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻopili i ke kaomi a puʻunaue pono i nā ukana, e hōʻemi ana i ka pilikia o ka wehe ʻana ma lalo o ka haʻalulu a i ʻole ke kaumaha mechanical. ʻO kēia ka mea i kūpono iā lākou no ka nui o nā noi, mai nā hana māmā a i nā hana kaumaha.
ʻAno ʻano: Loaʻa i ka nui o nā ʻano nui, nā mea waiwai, nā ʻano milo, a me nā hoʻolālā, hiki ke hoʻololi maʻalahi i nā stud hope ʻelua i nā koi noi like ʻole. Inā he hana pololei ia ma ka ʻoihana uila a i ʻole kahi hana hana kaumaha, aia kahi kumu hoʻohālike kūpono. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona kūikawā, e like me ka fine - thread, unequal - long, a me anti - corrosion studs, e hoʻonui hou i kā lākou noi noi ma nā kaiapuni kūikawā.
Maʻalahi o ka hoʻokomo a me ka wehe ʻana: He mea maʻalahi ka hoʻouka ʻana a me ka wehe ʻana i nā papa ʻelua. Ke hoʻokomo ʻia kekahi ʻaoʻao i loko o ka lua i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, hiki ke hoʻopaʻa maʻalahi a wehe ʻia nā nati ma kekahi ʻaoʻao me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā wrenches maʻamau a i ʻole nā kumu. ʻO kēia maʻalahi i ka hoʻokomo ʻana a me ka wehe ʻana e maʻalahi lākou e hoʻohana i nā ʻano hui like ʻole a me nā hana mālama, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana pono.
Kumukuai - Pono: Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kekahi mau ʻano mea hoʻopaʻa ʻē aʻe, hiki i nā stud hope ʻelua ke lilo i kumu kūʻai kūpono, ʻoi aku hoʻi no nā noi kahi e koi ʻia ai ka paʻa kiʻekiʻe a hilinaʻi. ʻO kā lākou hana maʻamau a me ka loaʻa ākea e hāʻawi i ka mālama kālā, a ʻo ko lākou ola lōʻihi e hōʻemi i ka pono o nā pani pinepine.
Ka Haawe Kiʻekiʻe - Hiki ke Kau: Ma muli o ka waiwai a me ka nui, hiki ke loaʻa i nā studs hope ʻelua ke haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe. Hiki i nā studs ikaika kiʻekiʻe i hana ʻia mai ke kila kila a i ʻole ke kila kalapona kiʻekiʻe ke kūpaʻa i ka ikaika tensile a me ka ʻoki ʻana, no laila kūpono ia no nā hana kaumaha ma nā ʻoihana a me nā hana kūkulu.
Pale ʻino: Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea e like me ke kila kila a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe - nā koho lapaʻau, hāʻawi ʻia nā stud hope ʻelua i ka maikaʻi i ke kūpaʻa corrosion maikaʻi loa. ʻO kēia ka mea i kūpono iā lākou no ka hoʻohana ʻana i waho, moana, a me nā ʻoihana corrosive, hoʻonui i ko lākou ola lawelawe a hōʻemi i nā kumukūʻai mālama.